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skills. Some situations, such as engine failures, require
you to respond immediately using established procedures
with little time for detailed analysis. Traditionally,
pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies,
but are not as well prepared to make decisions that
require a more reflective response. Typically during a
flight, you have time to examine any changes that
occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching
a decision. The steps leading to this conclusion
constitute the decision-making process.
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
Problem definition is the first step in the decision-making
process. Defining the problem begins with recognizing
that a change has occurred or that an expected change
did not occur. A problem is perceived first by the
senses, then is distinguished through insight and experience.
These same abilities, as well as an objective
analysis of all available information, are used to determine
the exact nature and severity of the problem.
While doing a hover check after picking up fire fighters
at the bottom of a canyon, you realize that you are
only 20 pounds under maximum gross weight. What
you failed to realize is that they had stowed some of
their heaviest gear in the baggage compartment,
which shifted the CG slightly behind the aft limits.
Since weight and balance had never created any
problems for you in the past, you did not bother to calculate
CG and power required. You did, however, try
to estimate it by remembering the figures from earlier
in the morning at the base camp. At a 5,000 foot
density altitude and maximum gross weight, the performance
charts indicated you had plenty of excess
power. Unfortunately, the temperature was 93°F and
the pressure altitude at the pick up point was 6,200
feet (DA = 9,600 feet). Since there was enough power
for the hover check, you felt there was sufficient
power to take off.
Even though the helicopter accelerated slowly during
the takeoff, the distance between the helicopter and the
ground continued to increase. However, when you
attempted to establish the best rate of climb speed, the
nose wanted to pitch up to a higher than normal attitude,
and you noticed that the helicopter was not gaining
enough altitude in relation to the canyon wall a
couple hundred yards ahead.
CHOOSING A COURSE OF ACTION
After the problem has been identified, you must evaluate
the need to react to it and determine the actions that
Detect the fact that a change has occurred.
Estimate the need to counter or react to the change.
Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight.
Identify actions which could successfully control the change.
Do the necessary action to adapt to the change.
Evaluate the effect of the action.
DECIDE MODEL
Figure 14-2. The DECIDE model can provide a framework for
effective decision making.
14-4
RISK MANAGEMENT
During each flight, decisions must be made regarding
events that involve interactions between the four risk
elements—the pilot in command, the aircraft, the environment,
and the operation. The decision-making
process involves an evaluation of each of these risk elements
to achieve an accurate perception of the flight
situation. [Figure 14-3]
One of the most important decisions that a pilot in command
must make is the go/no-go decision. Evaluating
each of these risk elements can help you decide
whether a flight should be conducted or continued. Let
us evaluate the four risk elements and how they affect
our decision making regarding the following situations.
Pilot—As a pilot, you must continually make decisions
about your own competency, condition of health, mental
and emotional state, level of fatigue, and many other
variables. For example, you are called early in the morning
to make a long flight. You have had only a few hours
of sleep, and are concerned that the congestion you feel
could be the onset of a cold. Are you safe to fly?
Aircraft—You will frequently base decisions on your
evaluations of the aircraft, such as its powerplant, performance,
equipment, fuel state, or airworthiness. Picture
yourself in this situation: you are en route to an oil rig an
hour’s flight from shore, and you have just passed the
shoreline. Then you notice the oil temperature at the high
end of the caution range. Should you continue out to sea,
or return to the nearest suitable heliport/airport?
Environment—This encompasses many elements not
pilot or aircraft related. It can include such factors as
weather, air traffic control, navaids, terrain, takeoff and
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