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cable that runs from the propeller hub to the rotor mast.
When engaged, the bendix spins the ring gear located on the
rotor hub.
18-3
ELECTRIC PREROTATOR
The electric prerotator found on gyroplanes uses an
automotive type starter with a bendix and ring gear
mounted at the rotor head to impart torque to the rotor
system. [Figure 18-5] This system has the advantage of
simplicity and ease of operation, but is dependent on
having electrical power available. Using a “soft start”
device can alleviate the problems associated with the
high starting torque initially required to get the rotor
system turning. This device delivers electrical pulses to
the starter for approximately 10 seconds before connecting
uninterrupted voltage.
TIP JETS
Jets located at the rotor blade tips have been used in several
applications for prerotation, as well as for hover
flight. This system has no requirement for a transmission
or clutches. It also has the advantage of not imparting
torque to the airframe, allowing the rotor to be powered
in flight to give increased climb rates and even the ability
to hover. The major disadvantage is the noise generated
by the jets. Fortunately, tip jets may be shut down while
operating in the autorotative gyroplane mode.
INSTRUMENTATION
The instrumentation required for flight is generally
related to the complexity of the gyroplane. Some gyroplanes
using air-cooled and fuel/oil-lubricated engines
may have limited instrumentation.
ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
All but the most basic engines require monitoring
instrumentation for safe operation. Coolant temperature,
cylinder head temperatures, oil temperature, oil
pressure, carburetor air temperature, and exhaust gas
temperature are all direct indications of engine operation
and may be displayed. Engine power is normally
indicated by engine r.p.m., or by manifold pressure on
gyroplanes with a constant speed propeller.
ROTOR TACHOMETER
Most gyroplanes are equipped with a rotor r.p.m. indicator.
Because the pilot does not normally have direct
control of rotor r.p.m. in flight, this instrument is most
useful on the takeoff roll to determine when there is sufficient
rotor speed for liftoff. On gyroplanes not
equipped with a rotor tachometer, additional piloting
skills are required to sense rotor r.p.m. prior to takeoff.
Figure 18-4. This prerotator uses belts at the propeller hub to drive a hydraulic pump, which drives a hydraulic motor on the
rotor mast.
Figure 18-5. The electric prerotator is simple and easy to use,
but requires the availability of electrical power.
18-4
Certain gyroplane maneuvers require you to know precisely
the speed of the rotor system. Performing a jump
takeoff in a gyroplane with collective control is one
example, as sufficient rotor energy must be available
for the successful outcome of the maneuver. When
variable collective and a rotor tachometer are used,
more efficient rotor operation may be accomplished by
using the lowest practical rotor r.p.m. [Figure 18-6]
SLIP/SKID INDICATOR
A yaw string attached to the nose of the aircraft and a
conventional inclinometer are often used in gyroplanes
to assist in maintaining coordinated flight. [Figure 18-7]
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
Airspeed knowledge is essential and is most easily
obtained by an airspeed indicator that is designed for
accuracy at low airspeeds. Wind speed indicators
have been adapted to many gyroplanes. When no airspeed
indicator is used, as in some very basic
amateur-built machines, you must have a very acute
sense of “q” (impact air pressure against your body).
ALTIMETER
For the average pilot, it becomes increasingly difficult
to judge altitude accurately when more than several
hundred feet above the ground. A conventional altimeter
may be used to provide an altitude reference when
flying at higher altitudes where human perception
degrades.
IFR FLIGHT INSTRUMENTATION
Gyroplane flight into instrument meteorological conditions
requires adequate flight instrumentation and navigational
systems, just as in any aircraft. Very few
gyroplanes have been equipped for this type of operation.
The majority of gyroplanes do not meet the stability
requirements for single-pilot IFR flight. As larger and
more advanced gyroplanes are developed, issues of IFR
flight in these aircraft will have to be addressed.
GROUND HANDLING
The gyroplane is capable of ground taxiing in a manner
similar to that of an airplane. A steerable nose wheel,
which may be combined with independent main wheel
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