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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Situational awareness is the accurate perception of the
operational and environmental factors that affect the
aircraft, pilot, and passengers during a specific period
of time. Maintaining situational awareness requires
an understanding of the relative significance of these
factors and their future impact on the flight. When situationally
aware, you have an overview of the total
operation and are not fixated on one perceived significant
factor. Some of the elements inside the aircraft
to be considered are the status of aircraft systems, you
as the pilot, and passengers. In addition, an awareness
of the environmental conditions of the flight, such as
spatial orientation of the helicopter, and its relationship
to terrain, traffic, weather, and airspace must be
maintained.
To maintain situational awareness, all of the skills
involved in aeronautical decision making are used. For
example, an accurate perception of your fitness can be
achieved through self-assessment and recognition of
hazardous attitudes. A clear assessment of the status of
navigation equipment can be obtained through workload
management, and establishing a productive
relationship with ATC can be accomplished by effective
resource use.
OBSTACLES TO MAINTAINING SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
Fatigue, stress, and work overload can cause you to fixate
on a single perceived important item rather than
maintaining an overall awareness of the flight situation.
A contributing factor in many accidents is a
distraction that diverts the pilot’s attention from monitoring
the instruments or scanning outside the
aircraft. Many cockpit distractions begin as a minor
problem, such as a gauge that is not reading correctly,
but result in accidents as the pilot diverts attention to
the perceived problem and neglects to properly control
the aircraft.
Complacency presents another obstacle to maintaining
situational awareness. When activities become routine,
you may have a tendency to relax and not put as much
effort into performance. Like fatigue, complacency
reduces your effectiveness in the cockpit. However,
complacency is harder to recognize than fatigue, since
everything is perceived to be progressing smoothly. For
example, you have just dropped off another group of
fire fighters for the fifth time that day. Without thinking,
you hastily lift the helicopter off the ground, not
realizing that one of the skids is stuck between two
rocks. The result is dynamic rollover and a destroyed
helicopter.
OPERATIONAL PITFALLS
There are a number of classic behavioral traps into
which pilots have been known to fall. Pilots, particularly
those with considerable experience, as a rule,
always try to complete a flight as planned, please passengers,
and meet schedules. The basic drive to meet
or exceed goals can have an adverse effect on safety,
and can impose an unrealistic assessment of piloting
skills under stressful conditions. These tendencies ultimately
may bring about practices that are dangerous
and often illegal, and may lead to a mishap. You will
develop awareness and learn to avoid many of these
operational pitfalls through effective ADM training.
[Figure 14-10]
Margin
of Safety
Pilot Capabilities
Task
Requirements
Preflight Takeoff
Cruise
Approach &
Landing
Taxi
Taxi
Time
Figure 14-9. Accidents often occur when flying task requirements
exceed pilot capabilities. The difference between
these two factors is called the margin of safety. Note that in
this idealized example, the margin of safety is minimal during
the approach and landing. At this point, an emergency or distraction
could overtax pilot capabilities, causing an accident.
14-9
Peer Pressure—Poor decision making may be based upon an emotional response to peers, rather than evaluating a situation
objectively.
Mind Set—A pilot displays mind set through an inability to recognize and cope with changes in a given situation.
Get-There-Itis—This disposition impairs pilot judgment through a fixation on the original goal or destination, combined with a
disregard for any alternative course of action.
Scud Running—This occurs when a pilot tries to maintain visual contact with the terrain at low altitudes while instrument
conditions exist.
Continuing Visual Flight Rules (VFR) into Instrument Conditions—Spatial disorientation or collision with ground/obstacles
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