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bank angle of approximately 40°. The objective of
performing steep turns is to develop smoothness, coordination,
orientation, division of attention, and control
techniques.
Prior to initiating a steep turn, or any other flight
maneuver, first complete a clearing turn to check the
area for traffic. To accomplish this, you may execute
either one 180° turn or two 90° turns in opposite
directions. Once the area has been cleared, roll the
gyroplane into a 40° angle-of-bank turn while
smoothly adding power and slowly moving the cyclic
aft to maintain altitude. Maintain coordinated flight
with proper rudder pedal pressure. Throughout the turn,
cross-reference visual cues outside the gyroplane with
the flight instruments, if available, to maintain a constant
altitude and angle of bank. Anticipate the roll-out
by leading the roll-out heading by approximately 20°.
Using section lines or prominent landmarks to aid in
orientation can be helpful in rolling out on the proper
heading. During roll-out, gradually return the cyclic to
the original position and reduce power to maintain
altitude and airspeed.
COMMON ERRORS
1. Improper bank and power coordination during
entry and rollout.
2. Uncoordinated use of flight controls.
3. Exceeding manufacturer’s recommended maximum
bank angle.
4. Improper technique in correcting altitude
deviations.
5. Loss of orientation.
6. Excessive deviation from desired heading during
rollout.
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
Ground reference maneuvers are training exercises
flown to help you develop a division of attention
between the flight path and ground references, while
controlling the gyroplane and watching for other
aircraft in the vicinity. Prior to each maneuver, a clearing
turn should be accomplished to ensure the practice
area is free of conflicting traffic.
RECTANGULAR COURSE
The rectangular course is a training maneuver in which
the ground track of the gyroplane is equidistant from
all sides of a selected rectangular area on the ground.
[Figure 20-10] While performing the maneuver, the
altitude and airspeed should be held constant. The rectangular
course helps you to develop a recognition of a
drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended
ground track. This is helpful in recognizing drift toward
or from an airport runway during the various legs of the
airport traffic pattern.
For this maneuver, pick a square or rectangular field, or
an area bounded on four sides by section lines or roads,
where the sides are approximately a mile in length. The
area selected should be well away from other air traffic.
Fly the maneuver approximately 600 to 1,000 feet
above the ground, which is the altitude usually required
for an airport traffic pattern. You should fly the
gyroplane parallel to and at a uniform distance, about
one-fourth to one-half mile, from the field boundaries,
not above the boundaries. For best results, position
your flight path outside the field boundaries just far
enough away that they may be easily observed. You
should be able to see the edges of the selected field
while seated in a normal position and looking out the
side of the gyroplane during either a left-hand or righthand
course. The distance of the ground track from the
edges of the field should be the same regardless of
whether the course is flown to the left or right. All turns
should be started when your gyroplane is abeam the
corners of the field boundaries. The bank normally
should not exceed 30°.
Although the rectangular course may be entered from
any direction, this discussion assumes entry on a downwind
heading. As you approach the field boundary on
the downwind leg, you should begin planning for your
turn to the crosswind leg. Since you have a tailwind on
the downwind leg, the gyroplane’s groundspeed is
increased (position 1). During the turn onto the crosswind
leg, which is the equivalent of the base leg in a
traffic pattern, the wind causes the gyroplane to drift
away from the field. To counteract this effect, the rollin
should be made at a fairly fast rate with a relatively
steep bank (position 2).
As the turn progresses, the tailwind component
decreases, which decreases the groundspeed.
Consequently, the bank angle and rate of turn must be
reduced gradually to ensure that upon completion of
the turn, the crosswind ground track continues to be the
same distance from the edge of the field. Upon completion
of the turn, the gyroplane should be level and
20-9
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