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to the ground instead of using what instruments
he has to make a 180° turn. In the ensuing crash, the
pilot is seriously injured and the helicopter completely
destroyed.
By discussing the events that led to this accident, we
can understand how a series of judgmental errors
contributed to the final outcome of this flight. For
example, one of the first elements that affected the
pilot’s flight was a decision regarding the weather. The
pilot knew there were going to be thunderstorms in the
area, but he had flown near thunderstorms before and
never had an accident.
Next, he let his desire to arrive at his destination on
time override his concern for a safe flight. For one
thing, in order to save time, he did not refuel the helicopter,
which might have allowed him the opportunity
to circumnavigate the bad weather. Then he overestimated
his flying abilities and decided to use a route that
took him through a potential area of thunderstorm
activity. Next, the pilot pressed on into obviously deteriorating
conditions instead of changing course or
landing prior to his destination.
On numerous occasions during the flight, the pilot
could have made effective decisions that may have prevented
this accident. However, as the chain of events
unfolded, each poor decision left him with fewer and
fewer options. Making sound decisions is the key to
preventing accidents. Traditional pilot training has
Human Factors—The study of how
people interact with their environments.
In the case of general aviation,
it is the study of how pilot
performance is influenced by such
issues as the design of cockpits, the
function of the organs of the body,
the effects of emotions, and the
interaction and communication
with the other participants of the
aviation community, such as other
crew members and air traffic control
personnel.
14-2
emphasized flying skills, knowledge of the aircraft, and
familiarity with regulations. ADM training focuses on
the decision-making process and the factors that affect
a pilot’s ability to make effective choices.
ORIGINS OF ADM TRAINING
The airlines developed some of the first training programs
that focused on improving aeronautical decision
making. Human factors-related accidents motivated the
airline industry to implement crew resource management
(CRM) training for flight crews. The focus of
CRM programs is the effective use of all available
resources; human resources, hardware, and information.
Human resources include all groups routinely
working with the cockpit crew (or pilot) who are
involved in decisions that are required to operate a
flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited
to: ground personnel, dispatchers, cabin crewmembers,
maintenance personnel, external-load riggers, and air
traffic controllers. Although the CRM concept originated
as airlines developed ways of facilitating crew
cooperation to improve decision making in the cockpit,
CRM principles, such as workload management, situational
awareness, communication, the leadership role
of the captain, and crewmember coordination have
direct application to the general aviation cockpit. This
also includes single pilot operations since pilots of
small aircraft, as well as crews of larger aircraft, must
make effective use of all available resources—human
resources, hardware, and information. You can also
refer to AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making,
which provides background references, definitions, and
other pertinent information about ADM training in the
general aviation environment. [Figure 14-1]
DEFINITIONS
ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in
response to a given set of circumstances.
ATTITUDE is a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner that can,
nevertheless, be changed or modified through training as sort of a mental shortcut to decision making.
ATTITUDE MANAGEMENT is the ability to recognize hazardous attitudes in oneself and the willingness to modify them as
necessary through the application of an appropriate antidote thought.
HEADWORK is required to accomplish a conscious, rational thought process when making decisions. Good decision making
involves risk identification and assessment, information processing, and problem solving.
JUDGMENT is the mental process of recognizing and analyzing all pertinent information in a particular situation, a rational
evaluation of alternative actions in response to it, and a timely decision on which action to take.
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