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remove moisture is normally included.
Diaphragm
Static Air Line
Ram Air
Pitot Tube
Figure 12-2. Ram air pressure from the pitot tube is directed
to a diaphragm inside the airspeed indicator. The airtight
case is vented to the static port. As the diaphragm expands
or contracts, a mechanical linkage moves the needle on the
face of the indicator.
12-2
than zero, depending on the wind speed and direction.
As you begin your takeoff, make sure the airspeed indicator
is increasing at an appropriate rate. Keep in mind,
however, that the airspeed indication might be unreliable
below a certain airspeed due to rotor downwash.
ALTIMETER
The altimeter displays altitude in feet by sensing pressure
changes in the atmosphere. There is an adjustable
barometric scale to compensate for changes in atmospheric
pressure. [Figure 12-3]
The basis for altimeter calibration is the International
Standard Atmosphere (ISA), where pressure, temperature,
and lapse rates have standard values. However,
actual atmospheric conditions seldom match the standard
values. In addition, local pressure readings within
a given area normally change over a period of time, and
pressure frequently changes as you fly from one area to
another. As a result, altimeter indications are subject to
errors, the extent of which depends on how much the
pressure, temperature, and lapse rates deviate from standard,
as well as how recently you have set the altimeter.
The best way to minimize altimeter errors is to update
the altimeter setting frequently. In most cases, use the
current altimeter setting of the nearest reporting station
along your route of flight per regulatory requirements.
INSTRUMENT CHECK—During the preflight, ensure
that the static ports are unobstructed. Before lift-off, set
the altimeter to the current setting. If the altimeter indicates
within 75 feet of the actual elevation, the altimeter
is generally considered acceptable for use.
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
The vertical speed indicator (VSI) displays the rate of
climb or descent in feet per minute (f.p.m.) by measuring
how fast the ambient air pressure increases or
decreases as the helicopter changes altitude. Since the
VSI measures only the rate at which air pressure
changes, air temperature has no effect on this instrument.
[Figure 12-4]
There is a lag associated with the reading on the VSI,
and it may take a few seconds to stabilize when showing
rate of climb or descent. Rough control technique
and turbulence can further extend the lag period and
cause erratic and unstable rate indications. Some aircraft
are equipped with an instantaneous vertical speed
indicator (IVSI), which incorporates accelerometers to
compensate for the lag found in the typical VSI.
INSTRUMENT CHECK—During the preflight, ensure
that the static ports are unobstructed. Check to see that
the VSI is indicating zero before lift-off. During takeoff,
check for a positive rate of climb indication.
SYSTEM ERRORS
The pitot-static system and associated instruments are
usually very reliable. Errors are generally caused when
the pitot or static openings are blocked. This may be
caused by dirt, ice formation, or insects. Check the pitot
and static openings for obstructions during the preflight.
It is also advisable to place covers on the pitot and static
ports when the helicopter is parked on the ground.
The airspeed indicator is the only instrument affected by a
blocked pitot tube. The system can become clogged in two
Aneroid
Wafers
Altimeter
Setting Window
Altitude
Indication
Scale
10,000 ft
Pointer
1,000 ft
Pointer
100 ft Pointer
Altimeter Setting
Adjustment Knob
Crosshatch
Flag
A crosshatched
area appears
on some altimeters
when displaying
an altitude below
10,000 feet MSL.
Static Port
Figure 12-3. The main component of the altimeter is a stack of
sealed aneroid wafers. They expand and contract as atmospheric
pressure from the static source changes. The mechanical
linkage translates these changes into pointer movements on
the indicator.
Diaphragm
Direct Static
Calibrated
Pressure
Leak
Figure 12-4. Although the sealed case and diaphragm are
both connected to the static port, the air inside the case is
restricted through a calibrated leak. When the pressures are
equal, the needle reads zero. As you climb or descend, the
pressure inside the diaphragm instantly changes, and the
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