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approximation can be made on the basis of a radial
from a nearby VOR or an airway that closely parallels
the course to your alternate. However, you must
remember that the magnetic heading associated with
a VOR radial or printed airway is outbound from
the station. To find the course TO the station, it may
be necessary to determine the reciprocal of the
indicated heading.
Distances can be determined by using a plotter, or by
placing a finger or piece of paper between the two and
then measuring the approximate distance on the
mileage scale at the bottom of the chart.
Before changing course to proceed to an alternate, you
should first consider the relative distance and route of
flight to all suitable alternates. In addition, you should
consider the type of terrain along the route. If circumstances
warrant, and your helicopter is equipped with
navigational equipment, it is typically easier to navigate
to an alternate airport that has a VOR or NDB
facility on the field.
After you select the most appropriate alternate, approximate
the magnetic course to the alternate using
a compass rose or airway on the sectional chart. If time
permits, try to start the diversion over a prominent
ground feature. However, in an emergency, divert
promptly toward your alternate. To complete all
plotting, measuring, and computations involved before
diverting to the alternate may only aggravate an
actual emergency.
Once established on course, note the time, and then
use the winds aloft nearest to your diversion point to
calculate a heading and groundspeed. Once you have
calculated your groundspeed, determine a new arrival
time and fuel consumption.
11-16
You must give priority to flying the helicopter while
dividing your attention between navigation and
planning. When determining an altitude to use while
diverting, you should consider cloud heights, winds,
terrain, and radio reception.
LOST PROCEDURES
Getting lost in an aircraft is a potentially dangerous
situation especially when low on fuel. Helicopters have
an advantage over airplanes, as they can land almost
anywhere before they run out of fuel.
If you are lost, there are some good common sense
procedures to follow. If you are nowhere near or cannot
see a town or city, the first thing you should do is climb.
An increase in altitude increases radio and navigation
reception range, and also increases radar coverage. If
you are flying near a town or city, you may be able to
read the name of the town on a water tower or even land
to ask directions.
If your helicopter has a navigational radio, such as a
VOR or ADF receiver, you can possibly determine
your position by plotting your azimuth from two or
more navigational facilities. If GPS is installed, or you
have a portable aviation GPS on board, you can use it
to determine your position and the location of the
nearest airport.
Communicate with any available facility using
frequencies shown on the sectional chart. If you are
able to communicate with a controller, you may be
offered radar vectors. Other facilities may offer
direction finding (DF) assistance. To use this
procedure, the controller will request you to hold
down your transmit button for a few seconds and
then release it. The controller may ask you to change
directions a few times and repeat the transmit
procedure. This gives the controller enough information
to plot your position and then give you vectors
to a suitable landing sight. If your situation
becomes threatening, you can transmit your problems
on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHZ and
set your transponder to 7700. Most facilities, and
even airliners, monitor the emergency frequency.
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND
SURVIVAL GEAR
Both Canada and Alaska require pilots to carry survival
gear. However, it is good common sense that any time
you are flying over rugged and desolated terrain, consider
carrying survival gear. Depending on the size and
storage capacity of your helicopter, the following are
some suggested items:
• Food that is not subject to deterioration due to
heat or cold. There should be at least 10,000 calories
for each person on board, and it should be
stored in a sealed waterproof container. It should
have been inspected by the pilot or his representative
within the previous six months, and bear a
label verifying the amount and satisfactory condition
of the contents.
• A supply of water.
• Cooking utensils.
• Matches in a waterproof container.
• A portable compass.
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