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• An ax at least 2.5 pounds with a handle not less
than 28 inches in length.
• A flexible saw blade or equivalent cutting tool.
• 30 feet of snare wire and instructions for use.
• Fishing equipment, including still-fishing bait
and gill net with not more than a two inch mesh.
• Mosquito nets or netting and insect repellent
sufficient to meet the needs of all persons aboard,
when operating in areas where insects are likely
to be hazardous.
• A signaling mirror.
• At least three pyrotechnic distress signals.
• A sharp, quality jackknife or hunting knife.
• A suitable survival instruction manual.
• Flashlight with spare bulbs and batteries.
• Portable ELT with spare batteries.
Additional items when there are no trees:
• Stove with fuel or a self-contained means of providing
heat for cooking.
• Tent(s) to accommodate everyone on board.
Additional items for winter operations:
• Winter sleeping bags for all persons when the
temperature is expected to be below 7°C.
• Two pairs of snow shoes.
• Spare ax handle.
• Honing stone or file.
• Ice chisel.
• Snow knife or saw knife.
12-1
Attitude instrument flying in helicopters is essentially
visual flying with the flight instruments substituted for
the various reference points on the helicopter and the
natural horizon. Control changes, required to produce a
given attitude by reference to instruments, are identical
to those used in helicopter VFR flight, and your
thought processes are the same. Basic instrument training
is intended as a building block towards attaining an
instrument rating. It will also enable you to do a 180°
turn in case of inadvertent incursion into instrument
meteorological conditions (IMC).
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
When flying a helicopter with reference to the flight
instruments, proper instrument interpretation is the
basis for aircraft control. Your skill, in part, depends on
your understanding of how a particular instrument or
system functions, including its indications and limitations.
With this knowledge, you can quickly determine
what an instrument is telling you and translate that
information into a control response.
PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENTS
The pitot-static instruments, which include the airspeed
indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator, operate
on the principle of differential air pressure. Pitot
pressure, also called impact, ram, or dynamic pressure,
is directed only to the airspeed indicator, while static
pressure, or ambient pressure, is directed to all three
instruments. An alternate static source may be included
allowing you to select an alternate source of ambient
pressure in the event the main port becomes blocked.
[Figure 12-1]
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
The airspeed indicator displays the speed of the helicopter
through the air by comparing ram air pressure
from the pitot tube with static air pressure from the
static port—the greater the differential, the greater the
speed. The instrument displays the result of this pressure
differential as indicated airspeed (IAS).
Manufacturers use this speed as the basis for determining
helicopter performance, and it may be displayed in
knots, miles per hour, or both. [Figure 12-2] When an
indicated airspeed is given for a particular situation,
you normally use that speed without making a correction
for altitude or temperature. The reason no correction
is needed is that an airspeed indicator and aircraft
performance are affected equally by changes in air density.
An indicated airspeed always yields the same
performance because the indicator has, in fact, compensated
for the change in the environment.
INSTRUMENT CHECK—During the preflight, ensure
that the pitot tube, drain hole, and static ports are unobstructed.
Before liftoff, make sure the airspeed indicator
is reading zero. If there is a strong wind blowing directly
at the helicopter, the airspeed indicator may read higher
Pitot
Heater Switch
Pitot
Tube
Airspeed
Indicator
Vertical
Speed
Indicator
(VSI) Altimeter
Drain
Opening
Static Port
ON
OFF
Alternate Static Source
ALT
STATIC AIR
PULL ON
Figure 12-1. Ram air pressure is supplied only to the airspeed
indicator, while static pressure is used by all three instruments.
Electrical heating elements may be installed to prevent
ice from forming on the pitot tube. A drain opening to
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