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resources. For example, advanced navigation and
autopilot systems are valuable resources. However, if
pilots do not fully understand how to use this equipment,
or they rely on it so much that they become
complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight.
Checklists are essential cockpit resources for verifying
that the aircraft instruments and systems are checked,
set, and operating properly, as well as ensuring that the
proper procedures are performed if there is a system
malfunction or in-flight emergency. In addition, the
FAA-approved rotorcraft flight manual, which is
required to be carried on board the aircraft, is essential
for accurate flight planning and for resolving in-flight
equipment malfunctions. Other valuable cockpit
resources include current aeronautical charts, and publications,
such as the Airport/Facility Directory.
Passengers can also be a valuable resource. Passengers
can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide
information in an irregular situation, especially if they
are familiar with flying. A strange smell or sound may
alert a passenger to a potential problem. As pilot in
command, you should brief passengers before the
flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing
any concerns.
EXTERNAL RESOURCES
Possibly the greatest external resources during flight
are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists.
ATC can help decrease pilot workload by providing
traffic advisories, radar vectors, and assistance in emergency
situations. Flight service stations can provide
updates on weather, answer questions about airport
conditions, and may offer direction-finding assistance.
The services provided by ATC can be invaluable in
enabling you to make informed in-flight decisions.
WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
Effective workload management ensures that essential
operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing,
and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. As
experience is gained, you learn to recognize future
workload requirements and can prepare for high
workload periods during times of low workload.
Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies
well in advance of when they are needed
helps reduce workload as your flight nears the airport.
In addition, you should listen to ATIS, ASOS, or
AWOS, if available, and then monitor the tower frequency
or CTAF to get a good idea of what traffic
conditions to expect. Checklists should be performed
well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and
ATC instructions. These procedures are especially
important prior to entering a high-density traffic area,
such as Class B airspace.
To manage workload, items should be prioritized. For
example, during any situation, and especially in an
emergency, you should remember the phrase “aviate,
STRESSORS
Physical Stress—Conditions associated with the environment, such as temperature and
humidity extremes, noise, vibration, and lack of oxygen.
Physiological Stress—Physical conditions, such as fatigue, lack of physical fitness, sleep
loss, missed meals (leading to low blood sugar levels), and illness.
Psychological Stress—Social or emotional factors, such as a death in the family, a divorce, a
sick child, or a demotion at work. This type of stress may also be related to mental workload,
such as analyzing a problem, navigating an aircraft, or making decisions.
Figure 14-8. The three types of stressors that can affect a pilot’s performance.
14-8
navigate, and communicate.” This means that the first
thing you should do is make sure the helicopter is under
control. Then begin flying to an acceptable landing
area. Only after the first two items are assured, should
you try to communicate with anyone.
Another important part of managing workload is recognizing
a work overload situation. The first effect of
high workload is that you begin to work faster. As
workload increases, attention cannot be devoted to several
tasks at one time, and you may begin to focus on
one item. When you become task saturated, there is no
awareness of inputs from various sources, so decisions
may be made on incomplete information, and the possibility
of error increases. [Figure 14-9]
When becoming overloaded, you should stop, think,
slow down, and prioritize. It is important that you
understand options that may be available to decrease
workload. For example, tasks, such as locating an item
on a chart or setting a radio frequency, may be delegated
to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot, if
available, may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to
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