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of rotation.
CYCLIC FEATHERING—The
mechanical change of the angle of
incidence, or pitch, of individual rotor
blades independently of other blades
in the system.
CYCLIC PITCH CONTROL—The
control for changing the pitch of each
rotor blade individually as it rotates
through one cycle to govern the tilt of
the rotor disc and, consequently, the
direction and velocity of horizontal
movement.
DELTA HINGE—A flapping hinge
with a skewed axis so that the flapping
motion introduces a component of
feathering that would result in a restoring
force in the flap-wise direction.
DENSITY ALTITUDE—Pressure
altitude corrected for nonstandard
temperature variations.
DEVIATION—A compass error
caused by magnetic disturbances from
the electrical and metal components in
the aircraft. The correction for this
error is displayed on a compass correction
card place near the magnetic
compass of the aircraft.
DIRECT CONTROL—The ability
to maneuver a rotorcraft by tilting the
rotor disc and changing the pitch of
the rotor blades.
DIRECT SHAFT TURBINE—A
shaft turbine engine in which the compressor
and power section are mounted
on a common driveshaft.
DISC AREA—The area swept by the
blades of the rotor. It is a circle with
its center at the hub and has a radius of
one blade length.
DISC LOADING—The total helicopter
weight divided by the rotor disc
area.
DISSYMMETRY OF LIFT—The
unequal lift across the rotor disc
resulting from the difference in the
velocity of air over the advancing
blade half and retreating blade half of
the rotor disc area.
DRAG—An aerodynamic force on a
body acting parallel and opposite to
relative wind.
DUAL ROTOR—Arotor system utilizing
two main rotors.
DYNAMIC ROLLOVER—The tendency
of a helicopter to continue
rolling when the critical angle is
exceeded, if one gear is on the ground,
and the helicopter is pivoting around
that point.
FEATHERING—The action that
changes the pitch angle of the rotor
blades by rotating them around their
feathering (spanwise) axis.
FEATHERING AXIS—The axis
about which the pitch angle of a rotor
blade is varied. Sometimes referred to
as the spanwise axis.
FEEDBACK—The transmittal of
forces, which are initiated by aerodynamic
action on rotor blades, to the
cockpit controls.
FLAPPING HINGE—The hinge
that permits the rotor blade to flap and
thus balance the lift generated by the
advancing and retreating blades.
FLAPPING—The vertical movement
of a blade about a flapping
hinge.
FLARE—A maneuver accomplished
prior to landing to slow down a rotorcraft.
G-3
FREE TURBINE—A turboshaft
engine with no physical connection
between the compressor and power
output shaft.
FREEWHEELING UNIT—A component
of the transmission or power
train that automatically disconnects
the main rotor from the engine when
the engine stops or slows below the
equivalent rotor r.p.m.
FULLY ARTICULATED ROTOR
SYSTEM—See articulated rotor system.
GRAVITY—See weight.
GROSS WEIGHT—The sum of the
basic empty weight and useful load.
GROUND EFFECT—A usually
beneficial influence on rotorcraft performance
that occurs while flying
close to the ground. It results from a
reduction in upwash, downwash, and
bladetip vortices, which provide a corresponding
decrease in induced drag.
GROUND RESONANCE—Selfexcited
vibration occurring whenever
the frequency of oscillation of the
blades about the lead-lag axis of an
articulated rotor becomes the same as
the natural frequency of the fuselage.
GYROCOPTER—Trademark
applied to gyroplanes designed and
produced by the Bensen Aircraft
Company.
GYROSCOPIC PRECESSION—
An inherent quality of rotating bodies,
which causes an applied force to be
manifested 90° in the direction of
rotation from the point where the
force is applied.
HUMAN FACTORS—The study of
how people interact with their
environment. In the case of general
aviation, it is the study of how pilot
performance is influenced by such
issues as the design of cockpits, the
function of the organs of the body, the
effects of emotions, and the interaction
and communication with other
participants in the aviation community,
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ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK2(79)
