Figure 12-25. The AIRMET information box instructs the pilot to press the enter button to gain additional information on the selected area of weather. Once the enter soft key (ENT) is depressed, the specific textual information is displayed on the right side of the screen.
Figure 12-26. SIGMET/AIRMET legend display.
12-26
Figure 12-27. Graphical METAR legend display.
Chapter Summary
While no weather forecast is guaranteed to be 100 percent accurate, pilots have access to a myriad of weather information on which to base flight decisions. Weather products available for preflight planning to en route information received over the radio or via satellite link provide the pilot with the most accurate and up-to-date information available. Each report provides a piece of the weather puzzle. Pilots must use several reports to get an overall picture and gain an understanding of the weather that will affect the safe completion of a flight.
13-1
Introduction
Each time a pilot operates an aircraft, the flight normally begins and ends at an airport. An airport may be a small sod field or a large complex utilized by air carriers. This chapter examines airport operations, identifies features of an airport complex, and provides information on operating on or in the vicinity of an airport.Types of Airports
There are two types of airports—towered and nontowered. These types can be further subdivided to:
• Civil Airports—airports that are open to the general public.
• Military/Federal Government airports—airports operated by the military, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), or other agencies of the Federal Government.
• Private airports—airports designated for private or restricted use only, not open to the general public.
Airport Operations
Chapter 13
13-2
Outbound
InboundPractice InstrumentApproachUNICOM(no tower or FSS)No tower, FSS,or UNICOMNo tower in operation, FSS openFSS closed(no tower)Tower or FSSnot in operationCommunicate with UNICOM station on published CTAF frequency (122.7, 122.8, 122.725, 122.975, or 123.0). If unable to contact UNICOM station, use self-announce procedures on CTAF.Self-announce on MULTICOM frequency 122.9.Communicate with FSS on CTAF frequency.Self-announce on CTAF.Self-announce on CTAF.Before taxiing andbefore taxiing on therunway for departure.Before taxiing andbefore taxiing on therunway for departure.Before taxiing andbefore taxiing on therunway for departure.Before taxiing andbefore taxiing on therunway for departure.Before taxiing andbefore taxiing on therunway for departure.10 miles out.Entering downwind,base, and final.Leaving the runway.10 miles out.Entering downwind,base, and final.Leaving the runway.10 miles out.Entering downwind,base, and final.Leaving the runway.10 miles out.Entering downwind,base, and final.Leaving the runway.10 miles out.Entering downwind,base, and final.Leaving the runway.Facility at AirportFrequency UseCummunication/Broadcast ProceduresDeparting finalapproach fix (name) or on final approachsegment inbound.Approachcompleted/terminated.
Figure 13-1. Recommended communication procedures.Towered Airport
A towered airport has an operating control tower. Air traffic control (ATC) is responsible for providing the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic at airports where the type of operations and/or volume of traffic requires such a service. Pilots operating from a towered airport are required to maintain two-way radio communication with air traffic controllers, and to acknowledge and comply with their instructions. Pilots must advise ATC if they cannot comply with the instructions issued and request amended instructions. A pilot may deviate from an air traffic instruction in an emergency, but must advise ATC of the deviation as soon as possible.
Nontowered Airport
An nontowered airport does not have an operating control tower. Two-way radio communications are not required, although it is a good operating practice for pilots to transmit their intentions on the specified frequency for the benefit of other traffic in the area. The key to communicating at an airport without an operating control tower is selection of the correct common frequency. The acronym CTAF, which stands for Common Traffic Advisory Frequency, is synonymous with this program. A CTAF is a frequency designated for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower. The CTAF may be a Universal Integrated Community (UNICOM), MULTICOM, Flight Service Station (FSS), or tower frequency and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications. UNICOM is a nongovernment air/ground radio communication station which may provide airport information at public use airports where there is no tower or FSS. On pilot request, UNICOM stations may provide pilots with weather information, wind direction, the recommended runway, or other necessary information. If the UNICOM frequency is designated as the CTAF, it will be identified in appropriate aeronautical publications. Figure 13-1 lists recommended communication procedures. More information on radio communications is discussed later in this chapter.
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