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Basic VFR Weather Minimums
No pilot may operate an aircraft under basic VFR when the flight visibility is less, or at a distance from clouds that is less, than that prescribed for the corresponding altitude and class of airspace. [Figure 14-9] Except as provided in 14 CFR Section 91.157, Special VFR Weather Minimums, no person may operate an aircraft beneath the ceiling under VFR within the lateral boundaries of controlled airspace designated to the surface for an airport when the ceiling is less than 1,000 feet. Additional information can be found in 14 CFR section 91.155(c).
Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment Requirements
The safety of flight is a top priority of all pilots and the responsibilities associated with operating an aircraft should always be taken seriously. The air traffic system maintains a high degree of safety and efficiency with strict regulatory oversight of the FAA. Pilots fly in accordance with regulations that have served the United States well, as evidenced by the fact that the country has the safest aviation system in the world.
All aircraft operating in today’s National Airspace System (NAS) has complied with the CFR governing its certification and maintenance; all pilots operating today have completed rigorous pilot certification training and testing. Of equal importance is the proper execution of preflight planning, aeronautical decision-making (ADM) and risk management. ADM involves a systematic approach to risk assessment and stress management in aviation, illustrates how personal
14-8
Distance fr
om CloudsAirspaceFlight VisibilityBasic VFR Weather Minimums Class A Not applicable Not applicable Class B 3 statute miles Clear of clouds Class C 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Class D 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Class E 5 statute miles 1,000 feet above 1,000 feet below 1 statute mile horizontal 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Class G Day, except as provided in section 91.155(b) 1 statute mile Clear of clouds Night, except as provided in section 91.155(b) 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Day 1 statute mile 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Night 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal 5 statute miles 1,000 feet above 1,000 feet below 1 statute mile horizontal 1,200 feet or less above the surface (regardless of MSL altitude).More than 1,200feet above thesurface but lessthan 10,000 feet MSL.More than 1,200 feetabove the surfaceand at or above10,000 feet MSL.At or above10,000 feet MSLLess than10,000 feet MSL
Figure 14-9. Visual flight rule weather minimums.
attitudes can influence decision-making, and how those attitudes can be modified to enhance safety in the flight deck. More detailed information regarding ADM and risk mitigation can be found in Chapter 17, Aeronautical Decision-Making.
Pilots also comply with very strict FAA general operating and flight rules as outlined in the CFR, including the FAA’s important “see and avoid” mandate. These regulations provide the historical foundation of the FAA regulations governing the aviation system and the individual classes of airspace. Figure 14-10 lists the operational and equipment requirements for these various classes of airspace. It will be helpful to refer to this figure as the specific classes are discussed in greater detail.
Class A
Pilots operating an aircraft in Class A airspace must conduct that operation under IFR and only under an ATC clearance received prior to entering the airspace. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, each aircraft operating in Class A airspace must be equipped with a two-way radio capable of communicating with ATC on a frequency assigned by ATC. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, all aircraft within Class A airspace must be equipped with the appropriate transponder equipment meeting all applicable specifications found in 14 CFR section 91.215.
Class B
All pilots operating an aircraft within a Class B airspace area must receive an ATC clearance from the ATC facility having jurisdiction for that area. The pilot in command (PIC) may not take off or land an aircraft at an airport within a Class B airspace unless he or she has met one of the following requirements:
1. A private pilot certificate.
2. A recreational pilot certificate and all requirements contained within 14 CFR section 61.101(d), or the
14-9
Class
AirspaceEquipmentEntry RequirementsMinimum Pilot CertificateABCDEGATC clearanceATC clearanceTwo-way radio communications prior to entryTwo-way radio communications prior to entryNone for VFRNoneIFR equippedTwo-way radio, transponderwith altitude reporting capabilityTwo-way radio, transponderwith altitude reporting capabilityTwo-way radioNo specific requirementNo specific requirementInstrument ratingPrivate—(However, a student or recreational pilot may operate at other than the primary airport if seeking private pilot certification and if regulatory requirements are met.)No specific requirementNo specific requirementNo specific requirementNo specific requirement
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Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge航空知识手册3(15)
