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Low or medium frequency. A frequency range between 190 and 535 kHz with the medium frequency above 300 kHz. Generally associated with nondirectional beacons transmitting a continuous carrier with either a 400 or 1,020 Hz modulation.
Lubber line. The reference line used in a magnetic compass or heading indicator.
MAA. See maximum authorized altitude.
MAC. See mean aerodynamic chord.
Mach number. The ratio of the true airspeed of the aircraft to the speed of sound in the same atmospheric conditions, named in honor of Ernst Mach, late 19th century physicist.
Mach meter. The instrument that displays the ratio of the speed of sound to the true airspeed an aircraft is flying.
Magnetic bearing (MB). The direction to or from a radio transmitting station measured relative to magnetic north.
Magnetic compass. A device for determining direction measured from magnetic north.
Magnetic dip. A vertical attraction between a compass needle and the magnetic poles. The closer the aircraft is to a pole, the more severe the effect.
Magnetic heading (MH). The direction an aircraft is pointed with respect to magnetic north.
Magneto. A self-contained, engine-driven unit that supplies electrical current to the spark plugs; completely independent of the airplane’s electrical system. Normally there are two magnetos per engine.
Magnus effect. Lifting force produced when a rotating cylinder produces a pressure differential. This is the same effect that makes a baseball curve or a golf ball slice.
Mandatory altitude. An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with the altitude value both underscored and overscored. Aircraft are required to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
Mandatory block altitude. An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with two underscored and overscored altitude values between which aircraft are required to maintain altitude.
Maneuverability. Ability of an aircraft to change directions along a flightpath and withstand the stresses imposed upon it.
Maneuvering speed (VA). The maximum speed at which full, abrupt control movement can be used without overstressing the airframe.
G-19
Manifold absolute pressure. The absolute pressure of the fuel/air mixture within the intake manifold, usually indicated in inches of mercury.
MAP. See missed approach point.
Margin identification. The top and bottom areas on an instrument approach chart that depict information about the procedure, including airport location and procedure identification.
Marker beacon. A low-powered transmitter that directs its signal upward in a small, fan-shaped pattern. Used along the flight path when approaching an airport for landing, marker beacons indicate both aurally and visually when the aircraft is directly over the facility.
Mass. The amount of matter in a body.
Maximum altitude. An altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart with overscored altitude value at which or below aircraft are required to maintain altitude.
Maximum authorized altitude (MAA). A published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment.
Maximum landing weight. The greatest weight that an airplane normally is allowed to have at landing.
Maximum ramp weight. The total weight of a loaded aircraft, including all fuel. It is greater than the takeoff weight due to the fuel that will be burned during the taxi and runup operations. Ramp weight may also be referred to as taxi weight.
Maximum takeoff weight. The maximum allowable weight for takeoff.
Maximum weight. The maximum authorized weight of the aircraft and all of its equipment as specified in the Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) for the aircraft.
Maximum zero fuel weight (GAMA). The maximum weight, exclusive of usable fuel.
MB. See magnetic bearing.
MCA. See minimum crossing altitude.
MDA. See minimum descent altitude.
MEA. See minimum en route altitude.
Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC). The average distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing.
Mean sea level. The average height of the surface of the sea at a particular location for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period.
MEL. See minimum equipment list.
Meridians. Lines of longitude.
Mesophere. A layer of the atmosphere directly above the stratosphere.
METAR. See Aviation Routine Weather Report.
MFD. See multi-function display.
MH. See magnetic heading.
MHz. Megahertz.
Microburts. A strong downdraft which normally occurs over horizontal distances of 1 NM or less and vertical distances of less than 1,000 feet. In spite of its small horizontal scale, an intense microburst could induce windspeeds greater than 100 knots and downdrafts as strong as 6,000 feet per minute.
Microwave landing system (MLS). A precision instrument approach system operating in the microwave spectrum which normally consists of an azimuth station, elevation station, and precision distance measuring equipment.
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Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge航空知识手册3(91)
