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The dangers of illegal drugs also are well documented. Certain illegal drugs can have hallucinatory effects that occur days or weeks after the drug is taken. Obviously, these drugs have no place in the aviation community.
14 CFR prohibits pilots from performing crewmember duties while using any medication that affects the body in any way contrary to safety. The safest rule is not to fly as a crewmember while taking any medication, unless approved to do so by the FAA. If there is any doubt regarding the effects of any medication, consult an AME before flying.
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Figure 16-10. Signs and symptoms of altitude decompression sickness.
DCS T
ypeBubble LocationSigns & Symptoms (Clinical Manifestations)BENDSNEUROLOGICManifestationsCHOKESSKIN BENDSMostly large jointsof the body (elbows,shoulders, hip, wrists,knees, ankles)BrainSpinal CordPeripheral NervesLungsSkin• Localized deep pain, ranging from mild (a “niggle”) to excruciating–sometimes a dull ache, but rarely a sharp pain• Active and passive motion of the joint aggravating the pain• Pain occurring at altitude, during the descent, or many hours later• Confusion or memory loss• Headache• Spots in visual field (scotoma), tunnel vision, double vision (diplopia), or blurry vision• Unexplained extreme fatigue or behavior changes• Seizures, dizziness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and unconsciousness• Abnormal sensations such as burning, stinging, and tingling around the lower chest and back• Symptoms spreading from the feet up and possibly accompanied by ascending weakness or paralysis• Girdling abdominal or chest pain• Urinary and rectal incontinence• Abnormal sensations, such as numbness, burning, stinging and tingling (paresthesia)• Muscle weakness or twitching• Burning deep chest pain (under the sternum)• Pain aggravated by breathing• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)• Dry constant cough• Itching usually around the ears, face, neck, arms, and upper torso• Sensation of tiny insects crawling over the skin• Mottled or marbled skin usually around the shoulders, upper chest, and abdomen, accompanied by itching• Swelling of the skin, accompanied by tiny scar-like skin depressions (pitting edema)Altitude-Induced Decompression Sickness (DCS)
Decompression sickness (DCS) describes a condition characterized by a variety of symptoms resulting from exposure to low barometric pressures that cause inert gases (mainly nitrogen), normally dissolved in body fluids and tissues, to come out of physical solution and form bubbles. Nitrogen is an inert gas normally stored throughout the human body (tissues and fluids) in physical solution. When the body is exposed to decreased barometric pressures (as in flying an unpressurized aircraft to altitude, or during a rapid decompression), the nitrogen dissolved in the body comes out of solution. If the nitrogen is forced to leave the solution too rapidly, bubbles form in different areas of the body, causing a variety of signs and symptoms. The most common symptom is joint pain, which is known as “the bends.” [Figure 16-10]
What to do when altitude-induced DCS occurs:
• Put on oxygen mask immediately and switch the regulator to 100 percent oxygen.
• Begin an emergency descent and land as soon as possible. Even if the symptoms disappear during descent, land and seek medical evaluation while continuing to breathe oxygen.
• If one of the symptoms is joint pain, keep the affected area still; do not try to work pain out by moving the joint around.
• Upon landing seek medical assistance from an FAA medical officer, AME, military flight surgeon, or a hyperbaric medicine specialist. Be aware that a physician not specialized in aviation or hypobaric medicine may not be familiar with this type of medical problem.
• Definitive medical treatment may involve the use of a hyperbaric chamber operated by specially trained personnel.
• Delayed signs and symptoms of altitude-induced DCS can occur after return to ground level regardless of presence during flight.
DCS After Scuba Diving
Scuba diving subjects the body to increased pressure, which allows more nitrogen to dissolve in body tissues and fluids. [Figure 16-11] The reduction of atmospheric pressure that accompanies flying can produce physical problems for scuba divers. A pilot or passenger who intends to fly after scuba
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Figure 16-11. To avoid the bends, scuba divers must not fly for specific time periods following dives.
Figure 16-12. The human eye.
The
rods and cones (film) of the retina are the receptors which record the image and transmit it through the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation.Rods and ConesFovea(All Cones)LensRetinaOptic NerveIrisThe pupil (aperture) is the opening at the center of the iris. The size of the pupil is adjusted to control the amount of light entering the eye.PUPILLight passes through the cornea (the transparent window on the front of the eye) and then through the lens to focus on the retina.CORNEARod Concentration
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Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge航空知识手册3(51)
