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Another feature of some runways is a displaced threshold. A threshold may be displaced because of an obstruction near the end of the runway. Although this portion of the runway is not to be used for landing, it may be available for taxiing, takeoff, or landing rollout. Some airports may have a blast pad/stopway area. The blast pad is an area where a propeller or jet blast can dissipate without creating a hazard. The stopway area is paved in order to provide space for an aircraft to decelerate and stop in the event of an aborted takeoff. These areas cannot be used for takeoff or landing.Taxiway Markings
Aircraft use taxiways to transition from parking areas to the runway. Taxiways are identified by a continuous yellow centerline stripe and may include edge markings to define the edge of the taxiway. This is usually done when the taxiway edge does not correspond with the edge of the pavement. If an edge marking is a continuous line, the paved shoulder is not intended to be used by an aircraft. If it is a dashed marking, an aircraft may use that portion of the pavement. Where a taxiway approaches a runway, there may be a holding position marker. These consist of four yellow lines (two solid and two dashed). The solid lines are where the aircraft is to hold. At some towered airports, holding position markings may be found on a runway. They are used when there are intersecting runways, and ATC issues instructions such as “cleared to land—hold short of runway 30.”Other Markings
Some other markings found on the airport include vehicle roadway markings, VOR receiver checkpoint markings, and non-movement area boundary markings.Vehicle roadway markings are used when necessary to define a pathway for vehicle crossing areas that are also intended for aircraft. These markings usually consist of a solid white line to delineate each edge of the roadway and a dashed line to separate lanes within the edges of the roadway. In lieu of the solid lines, zipper markings may be used to delineate the edges of the vehicle roadway. [Figure 13-4]
A VOR receiver checkpoint marking consists of a painted circle with an arrow in the middle. The arrow is aligned in the direction of the checkpoint azimuth. This allows pilots to check aircraft instruments with navigational aid signals.
13-6
Airport Sign Systems
Type of SignAction or PurposeAction or PurposeType of Sign4-228-APCHILS4B2226-8JL22MILA LGTaxiway/Runway Hold Position:Hold short of runway on taxiwayRunway Approach Hold Position:Hold short of aircraft on approachILS Critical Area Hold Position:Hold short of ILS approach critical areaNo Entry:Identifies paved areas where aircraft entry isprohibitedTaxiway Location:Identifies taxiway on which aircraft is locatedRunway Location:Identifies runway on which aircraft is locatedRunway Distance Remaining:Provides remaining runway length in 1,000 feet incrementsRunway/Runway Hold Position:Hold short of intersecting runwayRunway Exit:Defines direction & designation of exit taxiway from runwayTaxiway Direction:Defines direction & designation of intersecting taxiway(s)Runway Safety Area/Obstacle FreeZone Boundary:Exit boundary of runway protected areasILS Critical Area Boundary:Exit boundary of ILS critical areaOutbound Destination:Defines directions to takeoff runwaysInbound Destination:Defines directions for arriving aircraftTaxiway Ending Marker:Indicates taxiway does not continueDirection Sign Array:Identifies location in conjunction withmultiple intersecting taxiways
Figure 13-5. Airport signs.
A non-movement area boundary marking delineates a movement area under ATC. These markings are yellow and located on the boundary between the movement and non-movement area. They normally consist of two yellow lines (one solid and one dashed).Airport Signs
There are six types of signs that may be found at airports. The more complex the layout of an airport, the more important the signs become to pilots. Figure 13-5 shows examples of signs, their purpose, and appropriate pilot action. The six types of signs are:
• Mandatory instruction signs—red background with white inscription. These signs denote an entrance to a runway, critical area, or prohibited area.
• Location signs—black with yellow inscription and a yellow border, no arrows. They are used to identify a taxiway or runway location, to identify the boundary of the runway, or identify an instrument landing system (ILS) critical area.
• Direction signs—yellow background with black inscription. The inscription identifies the designation of the intersecting taxiway(s) leading out of an intersection.
• Destination signs—yellow background with black inscription and also contain arrows. These signs provide information on locating things, such as runways, terminals, cargo areas, and civil aviation areas.
• Information signs—yellow background with black inscription. These signs are used to provide the pilot with information on such things as areas that cannot be seen from the control tower, applicable radio frequencies, and noise abatement procedures. The airport operator determines the need, size, and location of these signs.
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Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge航空知识手册3(3)
