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• TC—direction of the line connecting two desired points, drawn on the chart and measured clockwise in degrees from true north on the mid-meridian.
• WCA—determined from the wind triangle. (Added to TC if the wind is from the right; subtracted if wind is from the left).
• TH—direction measured in degrees clockwise from true north, in which the nose of the plane should point to make good the desired course.
• Variation—obtained from the isogonic line on the chart (added to TH if west; subtracted if east).
• MH—an intermediate step in the conversion (obtained by applying variation to true heading).
• Deviation—obtained from the deviation card on the aircraft (added to MH or subtracted from, as indicated).
• Compass heading—reading on the compass (found by applying deviation to MH) which is followed to make good the desired course.
• Total distance—obtained by measuring the length of the TC line on the chart (using the scale at the bottom of the chart).
• GS—obtained by measuring the length of the TC line on the wind triangle (using the scale employed for drawing the diagram).
• Estimated time en route (ETE)—total distance divided by GS.
• Fuel rate—predetermined gallons per hour used at cruising speed.
NOTE: Additional fuel for adequate reserve should be added as a safety measure.Flight Planning
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91 states, in part, that before beginning a flight, the pilot in command (PIC) of an aircraft shall become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. For flights not in the vicinity of an airport, this must include information on available current weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed, and any known traffic delays of which the pilot in command has been advised by ATC.Assembling Necessary Material
The pilot should collect the necessary material well before the flight. An appropriate current sectional chart and charts for
15-17
Figure 15-24. Airport/Facility Directory.
areas adjoining the flight route should be among this material if the route of flight is near the border of a chart.
Additional equipment should include a flight computer or electronic calculator, plotter, and any other item appropriate to the particular flight. For example, if a night flight is to be undertaken, carry a flashlight; if a flight is over desert country, carry a supply of water and other necessities.Weather Check
It is wise to check the weather before continuing with other aspects of flight planning to see, first of all, if the flight is feasible and, if it is, which route is best. Chapter 12, Aviation Weather Services, discusses obtaining a weather briefing.
Use of Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)
Study available information about each airport at which a landing is intended. This should include a study of the Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) and the A/FD. [Figure 15-24] This includes location, elevation, runway and lighting facilities, available services, availability of aeronautical advisory station frequency (UNICOM), types of fuel available (use to decide on refueling stops), AFSS/FSS located on the airport, control tower and ground control frequencies, traffic information, remarks, and other pertinent information. The NOTAMs, issued every 28 days, should be checked for additional information on hazardous conditions or changes that have been made since issuance of the A/FD.
The sectional chart bulletin subsection should be checked for major changes that have occurred since the last publication date of each sectional chart being used. Remember, the chart may be up to 6 months old. The effective date of the chart appears at the top of the front of the chart. The A/FD generally has the latest information pertaining to such matters and should be used in preference to the information on the back of the chart, if there are differences.Airplane Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH)
The Aircraft Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH) should be checked to determine the proper loading of the aircraft (weight and balance data). The weight of the usable fuel and drainable oil aboard must be known. Also, check the weight of the passengers, the weight of all baggage to be carried, and the empty weight of the aircraft to be sure that the total weight does not exceed the maximum allowable. The distribution of the load must be known to tell if the resulting center of gravity (CG) is within limits. Be sure to use the latest weight and balance information in the FAA-approved AFM or other permanent aircraft records, as appropriate, to obtain empty weight and empty weight CG information.
Determine the takeoff and landing distances from the appropriate charts, based on the calculated load, elevation of the airport, and temperature; then compare these distances with the amount of runway available. Remember, the heavier the load and the higher the elevation, temperature, or humidity, the longer the takeoff roll and landing roll and the lower the rate of climb.
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Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge航空知识手册3(25)
