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Uncaging. Unlocking the gimbals of a gyroscopic instrument, making it susceptible to damage by abrupt flight maneuvers or rough handling.
Uncontrolled airspace. Class G airspace that has not been
designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E. It is airspace in which air traffic control has no authority or responsibility to control air traffic; however, pilots should remember there are VFR minimums which apply to this airspace.
Underpower. Using less power than required for the purpose of achieving a faster rate of airspeed change.
United States Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP). Booklets published in regional format by the NACO that include DPs, STARs, IAPs, and other information pertinent to IFR flight.
Unusual attitude. An unintentional, unanticipated, or extreme aircraft attitude.
Useful load. The weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel, and drainable oil. It is the basic empty weight subtracted from the maximum allowable gross weight. This term applies to general aviation aircraft only.
User-defined waypoints. Waypoint location and other data which may be input by the user, this is the only GPS database information that may be altered (edited) by the user.
V1. See takeoff decision speed.
V2. See takeoff safety speed.
VA. The design maneuvering speed. The maximum speed at which full, abrupt control movement can be used without overstressing the airframe.
Vapor lock. A problem that mostly affects gasoline-fuelled internal combustion engines. It occurs when the liquid fuel changes state from liquid to gas while still in the fuel delivery system. This disrupts the operation of the fuel pump, causing loss of feed pressure to the carburetor or fuel injection system, resulting in transient loss of power or complete stalling. Restarting the engine from this state may be difficult. The fuel can vaporise due to being heated by the engine, by the local climate or due to a lower boiling point at high altitude.
Variation. Compass error caused by the difference in the physical locations of the magnetic north pole and the geographic north pole.
VASI. See visual approach slope indicator.
G-33
VDP. See visual descent point.
Vector. A force vector is a graphic representation of a force and shows both the magnitude and direction of the force.
Vectoring. Navigational guidance by assigning headings.
Velocity. The speed or rate of movement in a certain direction.
Venturi tube. A specially shaped tube attached to the outside of an aircraft to produce suction to allow proper operation of gyro instruments.
Vertical axis. An imaginary line passing vertically through the center of gravity of an aircraft. The vertical axis is called the z-axis or the yaw axis.
Vertical card compass. A magnetic compass that consists of an azimuth on a vertical card, resembling a heading indicator with a fixed miniature airplane to accurately present the heading of the aircraft. The design uses eddy current damping to minimize lead and lag during turns.
Vertical speed indicator (VSI). A rate-of-pressure change instrument that gives an indication of any deviation from a constant pressure level.
Vertical stability. Stability about an aircraft’s vertical axis. Also called yawing or directional stability.
Very-high frequency (VHF). A band of radio frequencies falling between 30 and 300 MHz.
Very-high frequency omnidirectional range (VOR). Electronic navigation equipment in which the flight deck instrument identifies the radial or line from the VOR station, measured in degrees clockwise from magnetic north, along which the aircraft is located.
Vestibule. The central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear, or the parts of the membranous labyrinth that it contains.
VFE. The maximum speed with the flaps extended. The upper limit of the white arc.
VFR. See visual flight rules.
VFR on top. ATC authorization for an IFR aircraft to operate in VFR conditions at any appropriate VFR altitude.
VFR over the top. A VFR operation in which an aircraft operates in VFR conditions on top of an undercast.
VFR terminal area chart. At a scale of 1:250,000, a chart that depicts Class B airspace, which provides for the control or segregation of all the aircraft within the Class B airspace. The chart depicts topographic information and aeronautical information including visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, restricted areas, obstructions, and related data.
V-G diagram. A chart that relates velocity to load factor. It is valid only for a specific weight, configuration and altitude and shows the maximum amount of positive or negative lift the airplane is capable of generating at a given speed. Also shows the safe load factor limits and the load factor that the aircraft can sustain at various speeds.
Victor airways. Airways based on a centerline that extends from one VOR or VORTAC navigation aid or intersection, to another navigation aid (or through several navigation aids or intersections); used to establish a known route for en route procedures between terminal areas.
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Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge航空知识手册3(102)
