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and outwards to 100 feet
at a gradient of 1:1 from
its edges, unpenetrated
by obstacles and will be
fenced, roped off or
otherwise protected from
intrusion by
unauthorised persons—
therefore it should not
include a public right-of
way. Rope and stakes
used for demarcation and
public control are not
obstacles for this, though
they may be for
performance planning.
Final Approach and
Takeoff Area (FATO)
This is inside the Safety
Area (see below), where
the final phase of the
approach to hover or
landing is completed, and
from which takeoff is
commenced. It may be
square or circular and the
minimum size is 1½ x
the rotor diameter
(popular helicopters are
listed later).
Safety Area (SA)
Surrounds the FATO,
for reducing damage to
Special Use Of Aircraft 213
helicopters accidentally diverging
from it. It is also square or circular,
according to the FATO, and the
minimum size is 3m or ¼ of the
rotor diameter, whichever is the
greater. It must be free from
obstacles.
The combined size of the FATO
and SA should be at least twice the
overall length, including rotors, of
the helicopter and, where it contains
the TLOF (see below), the surface
should be firm and not blow away
with downwash.
Touchdown and Liftoff Area (TLOF)
A load bearing area for touch down
and lift off; it should be free from
slopes, to ease passenger
embarkation and disembarkation,
and not have them walking uphill
into tail rotors. The TLOF has a
diameter of at least twice the length
of the helicopter, including rotors,
and is normally contained within the
FATO (it's the same minimum size),
but may be separate.
Taxiways
Used where the TLOF is remote
from the FATO, with a minimum
clearance of 1 rotor diameter from
obstructions either side of the rotor
disc (that is, a minimum overall
width of 3 rotor diameters, or 33.9m
for the Bell 47).
Helicopter Acceleration Area (HAA)
Should have a minimum width of
30m or twice the overall length of
the helicopter, whichever is the
greater, obstacle-free and long
enough to accommodate one third
of the "Takeoff Distance to 100
feet" (168m—Bell 47) given in the
Flight Manual (therefore 56m). The
surface should be substantially level
so a helicopter can land safely if an
engine fails, without risk of injury to
the occupants or third parties.
Takeoff Area (TA)
At the upwind end of the HAA, with
the same width and at least twice the
length, and free from significant
obstacles. The minimum Takeoff
Distance Available (Helicopters)
(TODAH) should be greater than
the Takeoff Distance Required to
achieve a height of 100 feet, e.g.
more than the HAA and TA
combined. The total length of the
TODAH is therefore about 168m.
Note: Performance figures here are
for the Bell 206B for +20oC and
1000 feet PA at max AUW (hot
Bank Holidays).
The Takeoff Area and downwind
two-thirds of the IAA may contain
insignificant or frangible obstacles
only. The remainder should be
obstacle-free (rope and stakes used
for demarcation and public control
are not considered to be obstacles).
Inner Approach Area (IAA)
For each direction of landing, has
the same width as the HAA and
accommodates the Landing Distance
Required from 100 feet as detailed in
the Flight Manual (but see JARs).
The upwind third of the IAA should
be completely free from obstacles.
The minimum Landing Distance
Available (Helicopters) (LDAH) should
exceed the Landing Distance Required
from 100 feet.
Note: The TODAH and the IAA
are essentially the same patch of
ground, except the TODA is slightly
longer. As both the HAA and the
214 Operational Flying
upwind third of the IAA must be
obstacle-free and are at opposite
ends of this area, the whole TODA
should be obstacle-free.
Side Surfaces and Slopes
The Operational Area will have side
surfaces rising upwards and
outwards to 100 feet at a gradient of
1:1 from the edges of the HAA,
Takeoff Area or IAA which will not
be penetrated by any obstacle, fixed
or transient. It will also be fenced,
roped off or otherwise protected
from intrusion by unauthorised
persons, and therefore should not
include an unguarded right of way.
Takeoff, climb and approach slopes
(which may be curved) must not be
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