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centred on the aerodrome, or a
prescribed segment of this circle if
visual manoeuvring can be confined
to a smaller area to avoid a
predominant obstruction.
Despatch
The point at which an aircraft first
moves under its own power for the
purpose of commencing a flight, at
which the provisions of the MEL
will cease to apply and from which
the commander must be solely
responsible for ensuring that the
flight can be made safely.
Dry Operating Mass (DOM)
The total mass of the aeroplane
ready for a specific type of operation
excluding all usable fuel and traffic
load. This mass includes:
· crew and crew baggage
· catering and removable
passenger service equipment
· potable water and lavatory
chemicals
EADI
Electronic Attitude Director Indicator.
Equipment replacing the artificial
horizon.
ELT
Emergency Locator Transmitter. These
emit a distinctive siren-like sound on
121.5 or 243.0 MHz, which should
be detectable by satellite. They
should work for about 48 hours on a
set of batteries and can be operated
manually or be switched on in the
event of a crash by a G-switch.
EPR
Engine Pressure Ratio. A measurement
of thrust, or the difference between
air pressure coming into the engine
Glossary 327
and the pressure of that coming out
of the back.
ETOPS
Extended Range Twin OPerationS, are
those conducted over a route with a
point further than 1 hours' flying
time (still air), at the normal oneengine-
inoperative cruise speed,
from an adequate aerodrome. When,
alternatively, a Threshold Distance
has been agreed with the Authority,
all non ETOPS flights shall remain
within the threshold distance of an
Adequate aerodrome. Authorisation
for ETOPS times of 120,180
minutes from an adequate
aerodrome are available, subject to
the operator showing compliance
with the laid down operational
criteria, and the aeroplane
airframe/engine combination has the
appropriate Type Design Approval.
ETOPS Segment
The portion of an ETOPS flight that
begins when the aeroplane is first
more than the Threshold Distance
from an Adequate aerodrome and
ends when the aeroplane is last more
than Threshold Distance from an
Adequate aerodrome.
Extended Range Entry Point
The point on the aeroplane’s
outbound route which is one hour
flying time at the approved singleengine-
inoperative cruise speed
(under standard conditions in still
air) from an adequate aerodrome.
Final Approach
That part of an instrument approach
procedure which commences at the
specified final approach fix or point,
or where such a fix or point is not
specified, at the end of the last
procedure turn, base turn or
inbound turn of a racetrack
procedure, if specified, or at the
point of interception of the last track
specified in the approach procedure,
and ends at a point in the vicinity of
an aerodrome from which a landing
can be made or a missed approach
procedure is initiated.
Flight Manual
The document required for type
certification and approved by the
authorities.
Height/Velocity Envelope
See Avoid Curve.
High Seas
Any body of water, not within the
territorial waters of any State.
Indirect Approach
A circling procedure established for
some airfields (notably French),
where prescribed tracks are flown to
establish an approach on the runway
in use after an approach to another
runway. Similar to Circling Minima,
but more precise.
In-flight Visibility
As seen from the cockpit. As a guide
for a circling approach, an IFV equal
to the diameter of a Rate 1 turn is
required. A reasonably accurate
assessment is given by the formula:
IFV (metres) = 20 x
circuit speed (knots)
Inoperative
Equipment is inoperative if it
malfunctions in such a way that it
cannot accomplish its intended
purpose and/or is not consistently
328 Operational Flying
functioning within its designated
operating limits or tolerances.
Long Range flight
Over water in helicopters, where the
overwater sector exceeds 30 nm.
Low Visibility Take-off
Where the reported RVR is less than
400m. These requirements must be
satisfied:
· if RVR is between 150-400m
(200-400m Cat D aeroplanes) the
PIC must be satisfied that the
runway lighting and markings are
satisfactory and appropriate Low
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