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that sort of thing) at some speed in
confined areas, and the low level
manoeuvres will require a lot of coordination
and forward thinking. For
example, you have to continually
keep a note of the ground so when
you turn round you can pick up
from where you left off and
remember where you've been
already. When lining up, you need to
get the speed and heading right, and
pick a spot to aim for so you can
keep straight, all in the space of a
few seconds. There are GPS-based
systems that will even turn the
booms on and off automatically.
There's usually very little wind to
help you, either, because of the legal
restrictions on wind speeds and the
possibilities of Spray Drift (see later),
and spraying cotton in Australia is
actually done at night. In fact, you
can only really count on about 5
hours' productive time during the
day, 3 in the morning and 2 in the
evening. Anything else is a bonus.
The big problem with doing it at
those times is that the Sun is always
in your eyes from one direction,
which may not be the ideal if there is
any wind about.
The idea is to fly between 35-45
knots at about 5 feet along the
"grain" of the crop (if you don't
need penetration), at the end of the
run pulling up and pivoting around
to face the other direction on the
end of the boom that is pointing
into wind, so you start where you
left off (the speed and height would
be about 50 kts and 50 feet in forest
blocks, allowing for obstacles). Thus,
you turn into wind at the end of
each run, progressing towards the
wind direction. The trick when
turning down wind is to pull up, turn
halfway, then let the machine fall
into the right spot, with maybe a
little help from some backward
cyclic. Hopefully, after each run, you
can still see your load settling and
can use it as an aiming point for the
next one, so you could liken it to
using a paintbrush, even to the
extent of using pedals to twist the
swath into the fiddly bits of forests.
Expect to overlap about 10%. The
reason for starting from a downwind
position is so that you're not flying
into your own spray. Before you
start, however, make sure you have
the right blocks, and you have the
permits for them!
Pesticides come in various forms, as
solid, liquid or gas—in general,
insecticides kill insects, herbicides
kill plants (i.e. weeds) and fungicides
make short work of, well, fungi, but
even these classifications can be
further broken down. With
insecticides, a stomach poison must
actually be ingested, while a contact
poison needs merely to be touched
by the insect. A systemic insecticide
can be applied to one part of the
plant from where it spreads by itself
to the rest, although it may need to
be applied in a particular way to be
properly effective, such as at the root
or on the leaves.
Herbicides can also be selective, in that
they go after a certain species of
plant. Residual herbicides provide
long-term control, sometimes for up
to three seasons. However, timing is
important—they must be applied
when the plants to be protected are
strongest and the weeds at their
weakest. You might find pre-plant,
pre-emergence or post emergence types,
which really speak for themselves.
A protectant is a fungicide designed to
protect the plant rather than do
Special Use Of Aircraft 197
damage to a fungus. Eradicants are
used when it's too late. In with the
mix may be an inert substance,
which might be talc in a dust
formulation, or a petroleum product
to assist emulsification.
Aerial Application, in UK, at least,
takes place under a “Certificate”,
which is broadly comparable to an
AOC. Other countries will have a
similar system. Under the terms of
this, a Ground Operations Manager
must always be present, who must
have certain minimum qualifications.
There should also be a field support
engineer, who monitors aircraft
performance and attends to routine
servicing (the same person could do
both jobs). There may also be a
flagman, who marks out the areas to
be sprayed and the routes to be
followed. Other ground staff include
loaders, who mix and load the
solution, which usually requires fast
action to keep things going, but,
when things are happening quickly,
there is more danger of spillage and
contamination.
Wherever you are, though, it is likely
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