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that you'll need some ground school
in order to pass exams for
registration as a spray pilot, which
may involve some calculations about
nozzle sizes, etc. You must also learn
to read the label on the product, which
will have some legal status. It will
contain instructions concerning
equipment required, first aid
procedures, compatibility, amounts
to be used, and where, and storage
(pesticides are often Dangerous
Goods, as well). If you spray outside
the conditions in the label, you will
not be legal.
To make money out of spraying, set
prices are usually charged for an
area, which means the quicker the
job is done, the quicker another can
be started, which is about the only
way to maximise income - the
problem is that your company's
accounts are based on flying hours,
not acreage. The aircraft should be
placed centrally, and its production
(in acres per hour) will depend on
payload available, endurance, dead
time between sites, volume of work
at each site, terrain, pilot's
experience, time spent on the
ground reloading, rate of application
and weather (I think that's all).
Organisation, however, is most
important. If you keep changing
chemicals, the whole pattern of work
will be disrupted, so grouping crops
that require the same cover on a
regular basis can get rid of not only
dead ferrying time, but also
unnecessary cleaning of tanks. Very
often, you can expect to top up with
fuel after every delivery, to get the
maximum spread.
To minimise weight, liquid solutions
will be more concentrated than
normal, and exposing yourself and
ground staff to the spray must be
regarded as a possibility, either by
ingestion, skin contact (sometimes
through the eyes) or inhalation.
Remember, whatever it is kills
things, so it will be toxic—the larger
the LD50 value, the less it will be, but
below 10 is regarded as extremely
toxic (LD50 indicates a dose that will
kill 50% of test animals within a
certain period, and refers to acute
toxicity). Minimise skin
contamination with rubber gloves
and boots (unlined), and clean
clothing which includes long
trousers and sleeves, which is just
what you need on a hot day,
especially with coveralls on top
198 Operational Flying
(wear trouser legs outside boots). It's
not essential to use anything
waterproof unless you actually
expect to get drenched, or are
working in a mist. Cover cuts and
abrasions. Flaggers can avoid
exposure to whatever is being
sprayed by simply keeping out of the
way of each pass.
Acute poisoning refers to a single
dose, while chronic poisoning arises
from many non-poisonous doses
over time.
Spray Drift
This is the movement of whatever
you're spraying to areas it was not
intended for. It's undesirable, not
only because it reduces the chemical
used on the job, but it also causes
damage in non-target areas due to
concentrated amounts accumulating
downwind, sometimes more than
that applied to the target (it's also
trespassing). Spray Drift is affected
by greater wind velocity at height,
volatility of the solution, temperature
inversions combined with spray
pressure, nozzle spray angle and air
movement around the aircraft. You
can reduce the chances of it by
releasing large droplets close to the
target, by:
· Flying as low and slow as
possible.
· Locating nozzles away from
rotor tips.
· Placing the spray boom as far
forward as possible.
· Orienting nozzles backward and
spacing for uniform patterns.
· Using low nozzle pressures.
· Using larger orifices in the
nozzles.
· Spraying when winds are light
and the air is cool, about 4 a.m.
· Using herbicides that do not
produce damaging vapours.
· Using buffer zones, particularly
around water
You can also modify the solution
with additives that produce more
viscosity (adjuvants), or with an invert
emulsion system, which will apply a
mayonnaise-like material. They both
have disadvantages, though, in either
needing specialised equipment or
mixing techniques.
If you're trying to increase the
volume of solution over a particular
area, you're better off tinkering with
the nozzles than reducing speed or
raising spray pressure. This will help
to avoid small droplets, or 'fines',
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