(1) Flight path in approach: -3 °
(2) Clearance = geometry limit - pitch attitude at touch down
NORMAL OPERATIONS
LANDING
A318/A319/A320/A321
FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
CLEARANCE AT TOUCH DOWN
Criteria: 320-200
4 Applicable to: MSN 0045-0499
Geometry limit at touch down Pitch attitude at
VAPP(Vref +5 kt) (1) Pitch attitude at touch down Clearance (2)
13.5 ° 3.3 ° 7.6 ° 5.9 °
(1) Flight path in approach: -3 °
(2) Clearance = geometry limit - pitch attitude at touch down
CLEARANCE AT TOUCH DOWN
Criteria: 321-200
5 Applicable to: MSN 3130-3212, 3326-3340, 3367-3498, 3557-3619, 3752-3792, 3955, 4002-4009, 4078
Geometry limit at touch down Pitch attitude at
VAPP(Vref +5 kt) (1) Pitch attitude at touch down Clearance (2)
10.8 ° 2.4 ° 6.6 ° 4.2 °
(1) Flight path in approach:-3 °
(2) Clearance = geometry limit - pitch attitude at touch down
TAIL STRIKE AVOIDANCE
Applicable to: ALL
Although most of tail strikes are due to deviations from normal landing techniques, some are associated with external conditions such as turbulence and wind gradient.
DEVIATION FROM NORMAL TECHNIQUES
Deviations from normal landing techniques are the most common causes of tail strikes. The main reasons for this are due to:
? Allowing the speed to decrease well below VAPP before flare
Flying at too low speed means high angle of attack and high pitch attitude, thus reducing ground clearance. When reaching the flare height, the pilot will have to significantly increase the pitch attitude to reduce the sink rate. This may cause the pitch to go beyond the critical angle.
? Prolonged hold off for a smooth touch down
As the pitch increases, the pilot needs to focus further ahead to assess the aircraft's position in relation to the ground. The attitude and distance relationship can lead to a pitch attitude increase beyond the critical angle.
? Too high flare
A high flare can result in a combined decrease in airspeed and a long float. Since both lead to an increase in pitch attitude, the result is reduced tail clearance.
NORMAL OPERATIONS
LANDING
A318/A319/A320/A321
FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
? Too high sink rate, just prior reaching the flare height
In case of too high sink rate close to the ground, the pilot may attempt to avoid a firm touch down by commanding a high pitch rate. This action will significantly increase the pitch attitude and, as the resulting lift increase may be insufficient to significantly reduce the sink rate, the high pitch rate may be difficult to control after touch down, particularly in case of bounce.
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本文链接地址：A318/A319/A320/A321 机组训练手册 FCTM Flight Crew Training Manual(117)
