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At lower speeds, the directional control of the aircraft is more problematic, more specifically on wet and contaminated runways. Differential braking is to be used if necessary. On wet and
contaminated runways, the same braking effect may be reached with full or half deflection of the pedals; additionally the anti skid system releases the brake pressure on both sides very early when the pilot presses on the pedals. Thus if differential braking is to be used, the crew will totally release the pedal on the opposite side to the expected turn direction.
BRAKING
Applicable to: ALL
Once on the ground, the importance of the timely use of all means of stopping the aircraft cannot be overemphasised. Three systems are involved in braking once the aircraft is on the ground:
? The ground spoilers
? The thrust reversers
? The wheel brakes
THE GROUND SPOILERS
When the aircraft touches down with at least one main landing gear and when at least one thrust lever is in the reverse sector, the ground spoilers partially automatically deploy to ensure that the aircraft is properly sit down on ground. Then, the ground spoilers automatically fully deploy. This is the partial lift dumping function.
The ground spoilers contribute to aircraft deceleration by increasing aerodynamic drag at high speed. Wheel braking efficiency is improved due to the increased load on the wheels. Additionally, the ground spoiler extension signal is used for auto-brake activation.
THRUST REVERSERS
Thrust reverser efficiency is proportional to the square of the speed. So, it is recommended to use reverse thrust at high speeds.
Select maximum reverse at main landing gear touch down.
The maximum reverse thrust is obtained at N1 between 70 % and 85 % and is controlled by the FADEC.
NORMAL OPERATIONS
LANDING
A318/A319/A320/A321
FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
A slight pitch-up, easily controlled by the crew, may appear when the thrust reversers are deployed before the nose landing gear touches down.
Below 70 kt, reversers efficiency decreases rapidly. Additionally, the use of high levels of reverse thrust at low speed can cause engine stalls.
Therefore, it is recommended to smoothly reduce the reverse thrust to idle at 70 kt. However, the use of maximum reverse is allowed down to aircraft stop in case of emergency.
If airport regulations restrict the use of reverse, select and maintain reverse idle until taxi speed is reached.
Stow the reversers before leaving the runway to avoid foreign object ingestion.
WHEEL BRAKES
Wheel brakes contribute the most to aircraft deceleration on the ground. Many factors may affect efficient braking such as load on the wheels, tire pressure, runway pavement characteristics and runway contamination and braking technique. The only factor over which the pilot has any control is the use of the correct braking technique, as discussed below.
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