Getting to Grips with Aircraft Weight and Balance(99)

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Since ULDs must be pre-packed, most of the job is done before and after the flight. It allows decreasing the station time for each aircraft, which reduces the airline‘s expenses. ULDs are loaded into the aircraft thanks to specialized ground equipment.
4.1.3. Packing 
Items should not be loaded in the aircraft if they are not properly packed. Specific packages are required for specific cargo such as live animals, dangerous goods, wet cargo, flowers, etc.
Collection sacks or nets are used to facilitate handling of small items. They are called —cover bags“. Parcels that are in the same cover bag must be off-loaded at the same airport. The destination must be written on a label attached to the sack. Not all the items can be transported in collection sacks:
. Radioactive loads must not be put in collection sacks because of the minimum
distances imposed between two radioactive loads 
. Cargo and mail must not be in the same cover bag.

A. LOADING GENERALITIES

Each package is then packed itself into a ULD when the aircraft is equipped. For a safe cargo transport, general rules must be applied:
.  When packages are loaded in a container, it is necessary to visualize the whole
container load before packing (nature, form, weight and strength)
.  Big or heavy items must be on the bottom, small, light or weak items on the top.
.  Leave as few spaces as possible between two items
.  The load must be evenly distributed in the ULD. Heavy items must not be
concentrated on a small area in the center of the pallet and/or container because
of the risk of dishing.
.  Spreader boards could be used for high density items
.  If the package moves in the ULD or if the load is very heavy, then the package
should be tied down 
.  Packages loaded on open pallets should be stacked so that the whole load is
stable  (interlocking layers). The nets retain the load.
Once they are loaded, cargo pallets and containers are weighed. Their weight is then entered on the tag described hereafter.
4.1.4. Special loads
Dangerous and perishable goods, live animals, valuable cargo, human remains and urgent shipments are considered as special cargo, and special requirements apply to them. Here are some rules concerning special goods transportation.
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Not all the dangerous goods can be transported in passenger aircraft because of the obvious risk they engender for the safety of passengers. Some dangerous goods are even forbidden for transport by air. When they are allowed for transport by air, they must be wrapped with specific packages to minimize the risk of accident and/or incident.

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For live animals, two rules have a very big importance: they must not be exposed to extreme temperatures and they should be loaded in the aircraft as late as possible. Ventilation and heating systems are greatly recommended.
　
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