Getting to Grips with Aircraft Weight and Balance(97)

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2.2.2. Inventory
During the defueling of the aircraft, a complete inventory of the equipment fitted on the aircraft is carried out. This inventory is executed with a pre established check list of the equipment that are supposed to be on board the aircraft for normal operations. This checklist will be useful when calculating the Operating Empty Weight and the associated CG. The missing equipment will be added in the weighing report.
2.2.3. Weighing
Weighing has to be performed in a closed hangar. Prior to the aircraft‘s positioning in the hangar,
the scales have to be set to zero. Once the aircraft is in position, its pitch attitude has to be
precisely measured.
The weighing can then be performed.

A. LOADING GENERALITIES

3. PASSENGER WEIGHT
3.1. General
In order to complete the Load and Trim Sheet, a standard weight for passengers had to be adopted. These values have been fixed by the authorities. In this paragraph, we will consider aircraft seating more than 30 passengers. (For more information, please refer to the appropriate regulation: JAR-OPS1.620 or FAR 121). It is important to notice that the same rules apply to passenger checked-in baggage.
The standard values used in the JAR-OPS for passenger weights are the following (these weights include passenger and carry-on baggage):
All flights except holiday charters  84 kg 
Holiday charters  76 kg 
Children  35 kg 

However, if for some reason the operator considers that the standard weights do not apply to the routes he operates, he has the possibility of setting his own standard weights. According to the JAR-OPS1 Subpart J, the procedure is the following:
If an operator wishes to use standard mass values other than those contained in the table above, he must advise the Authority of his reasons and gain its approval in advance. He must also submit for approval a detailed weighing survey plan and apply the statistical analysis method given in Appendix 1 to JAR–OPS 1.620(g). After verification and approval by the Authority of the results of the weighing survey, the revised standard mass values are only applicable to that operator.  The revised standard mass values can only be used in circumstances consistent with those under which the survey was conducted. Where revised standard masses exceed those in the above table, then such higher values must be used.
JAR-OPS 1.620(g)
3.2. Survey
The methods necessary to revise the standard weights are described in appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.620(g) with reference to the IEM to JAR-OPS 1.620(g) and IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.620(g). The purpose of this paragraph is to give the reader a quick overview of the methods used.
In order to change the standard values, the operator must conduct a survey. This survey has to follow a certain number of rules.
The average mass of passengers and their hand baggage is determined by weighing random samples of passengers representative of the type of operation (frequency of flights on various routes, in/outbound flights, applicable season, seat capacity of the aircraft…) All adult revised standard mass values must be based on a male/female ratio of 80/20 in respect of all flights except holiday charters which are 50/50. It is possible to use a different male/female ratio if it is representative of the activity (refer to regulation, in particular: IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.620(g): Guidance on passenger weighing surveys)
　
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