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Deviation from a clearance in response to an RA is authorized only to the extent required to follow the RA display guidance. If the RA requires maneuvering contrary to right of way rules, cloud clearance rules, or other criteria, pilots are expected to follow the TCAS RA guidance. Deviation from rules, policies, procedures, or limitations should be kept to the minimum necessary to comply with TCAS guidance.
Pilot Response To Traffic Alerts (TA)
The flight crew should respond immediately to TA’s by attempting to establish visual contact with the traffic. Continue to clear for other traffic during the search for the alert traffic. If the traffic is acquired visually, continue to maintain or attain safe separation in accordance with current FAR’s and good operating practices. Do not alter the aircraft’s flight path based solely on a TA without visual confirmation of the need to do so. Maneuvering based solely on a TA, in an effort to preempt an RA, is not authorized.
Note: Early TCAS installations were subject to significantly more
unnecessary TA’s than those equipped with software installed after
March of 1992.
Pilot Response To A Resolution Advisory (RA)
The TCAS software design is such that the triggering of an RA indicates a real threat of collision. Therefore, an immediate and correct response to an RA is mandatory unless overriding safety concerns exist. Correct response to an RA is indicated even if the crew believes they have the traffic in sight, due to the possibility of misidentification of the target traffic.
Respond to a preventative RA by monitoring aircraft vertical speed to ensure that it does not enter the red area. Normally, compliance with preventative RA’s can be accomplished without deviation from the assigned clearance, however if deviation is required, it is authorized. All crew members should attempt to acquire the traffic visually.
Respond immediately to a corrective RA by altering the aircraft’s flight path as indicated. Use positive control inputs similar to those expected in response to an ATC clearance incorporating the term “immediately.” Do not maneuver in a direction not specified by the RA display. TCAS is aware of other aircraft in the vicinity and in many instances, TCAS to TCAS coordination may have occurred. The pilot flying should dedicate his direct attention to accurately flying the aircraft in accordance with the RA commands. Respond immediately and decisively to increase, decrease, and reversal commands. Initial response delayed over 5 seconds, or response to subsequent modified (Increase or Reversal) guidance delayed over 2-1/2 seconds will compromise separation. The other crewmember(s) as well as any cockpit observers, should attempt to obtain visual contact with the traffic if possible. Caution: Turns are not authorized to avoid traffic unless the traffic has
been visually acquired and positively identified.
Respond to an RA as specified by the warning. TCAS does not track just one target, but monitors the airspace around the aircraft. When it issues an RA, it has taken all surrounding Mode S or Mode C traffic into account. Excessive maneuvering is not appropriate or advisable and only tends to increase the possibility of interference with other traffic, needlessly exaggerates any ATC clearance deviation, and nullifies TCAS to TCAS maneuver coordination. From level flight, proper response to an RA typically results in an overall altitude deviation of 600 feet or less. A Climb or Descend RA requires that a vertical speed of 1500 fpm be established and maintained. The use of vertical rates in excess of 1500 fpm is neither required nor desirable due to the possibility of large altitude deviations. There is no situation that requires a climb or descent to the next higher or lower cruising altitude or flight level. Be alert for a “downgrade” of the RA indication, and begin to reduce deviations as soon as possible. Attempt to comply with as much of the current clearance as possible during the RA. For example, continue to fly the ground path specified in the current clearance, if possible, while altering the vertical path in response to the RA. Promptly and smoothly return to the current ATC clearance when the TCAS message, “CLEAR OF CONFLICT,” is heard. If a TCAS RA maneuver is contrary to other critical cockpit warnings such as stall, windshear, or ground proximity, then such warnings are to be respected. In the case of simultaneous audio alarms from TCAS and other systems, GPWS and windshear warnings are given higher priority; the TCAS system goes to TA ONLY, and the IVSI flags indicate RA OFF.
ATC Considerations
WARNING: Do not accept a controller instruction to disregard a TCAS RA.
In responding to a TCAS RA that directs a deviation in assigned altitude, communication with the controlling ATC facility is required as soon as practicable after responding to the RA. Turns to avoid traffic are never TCAS initiated. Therefore, if a turn is made, it must be done based on conventional “see and avoid” practices, after the traffic is acquired visually. The turn should be reported to the controller as being a result of the pilot’s visual evaluation of the situation.
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MD-80 Flight Manual 麦道80飞行手册 2(39)
