Federal Aviation Administration Twentieth Edition
FIG AD 1.1.5
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
High Slightly High On Glide Path Slightly Low Low
(More Than (3.2 Degrees) (3 Degrees) (2.8 Degrees) (Less Than
3,5 Degrees) 2.5 Degrees)
White
Red
FIG AD 1.1.6
Tri-Color Visual Approach Slope Indicator
Amber
NOTE.
1.
Since the tri-color VASI consists of a single light source which could possibly be confused with other light sources, pilots should exercise care to properly locate and identify the light signal.
2.
When the aircraft descends from green to red, the pilot may see a dark amber color during the transition from green to red.
FIG AD 1.1.7
Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator
NOTE.
Since the PVASI consists of a single light source which could possibly be confused with other light sources, pilots should exercise care to properly locate and identify the light signal.
FIG AD 1.1.8
Alignment of Elements
Above Glide Path On Glide Path Below Glide Path
Federal Aviation Administration Twentieth Edition
12.5.3 Taxiway Centerline Lead.Off Lights.
Taxiway centerline lead.off lights provide visual guidance to persons exiting the runway. They are color.coded to warn pilots and vehicle drivers that they are within the runway environment or instrument landing system/microwave landing sys-tem (ILS/MLS) critical area, whichever is more restrictive. Alternate green and yellow lights are installed, beginning with green, from the runway centerline to one centerline light position beyond the runway holding position or ILS/MLS critical area holding position.
12.5.4 Taxiway Centerline Lead.On Lights.
Taxiway centerline lead.on lights provide visual guidance to persons entering the runway. These “lead.on” lights are also color.coded with the same color pattern as lead.off lights to warn pilots and vehicle drivers that they are within the runway environment or instrument landing system/micro-wave landing system (ILS/MLS) critical area, whichever is more conservative. The fixtures used for lead.on lights are bidirectional, i.e., one side emits light for the lead.on function while the other side emits light for the lead.off function. Any fixture that emits yellow light for the lead.off function shall also emit yellow light for the lead.on function. (See FIG AD 1.1.12.)
12.5.5 Land and Hold Short Lights. Land and hold short lights are used to indicate the hold short point on certain runways which are approved for Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO). Land and hold short lights consist of a row of pulsing white lights installed across the runway at the hold short point. Where installed, the lights will be on anytime LAHSO is in effect. These lights will be off when LAHSO is not in effect.
REFERENCE.
Section ENR 1.1, Paragraph 22, Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO).
12.6 Runway Status Light (RWSL) System
12.6.1 Introduction.
12.6.1.1 RWSL is a fully automated system that provides runway status information to pilots and surface vehicle operators to clearly indicate when it is unsafe to enter, cross, takeoff from, or land on a runway. The RWSL system processes information from surveillance systems and activates Runway Entrance Lights (REL), Takeoff Hold Lights (THL), Runway Intersection Lights (RIL), and Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (FAROS) in accordance with the position and velocity of the detected traffic. REL, THL, and RIL are in-pavement light fixtures that are directly visible to pilots and surface vehicle operators. The FAROS annunciation is by means of flashing the Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI). RWSL is an independent safety enhancement that does not substitute for an ATC clearance. Clearance to enter, cross, takeoff from, land on, or operate on a runway must be issued by ATC. Although ATC has limited control over the system, personnel do not directly use, and may not be able to view, light fixture output in their operations.
12.6.2 Runway Entrance Lights (REL): The REL system is composed of flush mounted, in-pavement, unidirectional fixtures that are parallel to and focused along the taxiway centerline and directed toward the pilot at the hold line. An array of REL lights include the first light at the hold line followed by a series of evenly spaced lights to the runway edge; one additional light at the runway centerline is in line with the last two lights before the runway edge (see FIG AD 1.1.9 and FIG AD 1.1.10). When activ-ated, the red lights indicate that there is high speed traffic on the runway or there is an aircraft on final approach within the activation area.
12.6.2.1 Operating Characteristics . Departing Aircraft:
When a departing aircraft reaches 30 knots, all taxiway intersections with REL arrays along the runway ahead of the aircraft will illuminate (see FIG AD 1.1.9). As the aircraft approaches an REL equipped taxiway intersection, the lights at that intersection extinguish approximately 3 to 4 seconds before the aircraft reaches it. This allows controllers to apply “anticipated separation” to permit ATC to move traffic more expeditiously without comprom-ising safety. After the aircraft is declared “airborne” by the system, all REL lights associated with this runway will extinguish.
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