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7.1 Introduction. The most important aspects of vision and the techniques to scan for other aircraft are described in paragraph 6. above. Pilots should also be familiar with the following information to reduce the possibility of mid.air collisions.
7.2 Determining Relative Altitude. Use the hori-zon as a reference point. If the other aircraft is above the horizon, it is probably on a higher flight path. If the aircraft appears to be below the horizon, it is probably flying at a lower altitude.
7.3 Taking Appropriate Action. Pilots should be familiar with right.of.way rules so immediate evasive action can be taken if an aircraft is on an obvious collision course. Preferably, such actions will be in compliance with applicable Federal Aviation Regulations.
7.4 Consider Multiple Threats. The decision to climb, descend, or turn is a matter of personal judgment, but one should anticipate that the other pilot may also be making a quick maneuver. Watch the other aircraft during the maneuver and immediately begin your scanning again since there may be other aircraft in the area.
7.5 Target Acquisition. Anticipate the target in the location and ranges you are searching. Locate a sizable, distant object (e.g., a cloud formation, mountain peak, prominent landmark, building or pier) that is within range of the anticipated target, and focus your eyes on it as you begin each scan pattern.
7.6 Collision Course Targets. Any aircraft that appears to have no relative motion and stays in one scan quadrant is likely to be on a collision course. Also, if a target shows no lateral or vertical motion, but increases in size,TAKE EVASIVE ACTION.
7.7 Recognize High Hazard Areas
7.7.1 Airways, and especially VORs, and Class B, C, D, and E surface areas are places where aircraft tend to cluster.
7.7.2 Remember, most collisions occur during days when the weather is good. Being in a “radar environment” still requires vigilance to avoid collisions.
7.8 Cockpit Management. Studying maps, check-lists, and manuals before flight, with various other proper preflight planning (e.g., noting necessary radio frequencies), and organizing cockpit materials can reduce the amount of time required to look at these items during flight permitting more scan time.
7.9 Windshield Conditions. Dirty or bug.smeared windshields can greatly reduce the ability of pilots to see other aircraft. Keep a clean windshield.
7.10 Visibility Conditions. Smoke, haze, dust, rain, and flying towards the sun can also greatly reduce the ability to detect targets.
7.11 Visual Obstruction in the Cockpit
7.11.1 Pilots need to move their heads to see around blind spots caused by fixed aircraft structures, such as door posts, wings, etc. It will be necessary at times to maneuver the aircraft (e.g., lift a wing) to facilitate seeing around this structure.
7.11.2 Pilots must insure that curtains and other cockpit objects (e.g., maps on glare shield) are removed and stowed during flight.
7.12 Lights On
7.12.1 Day or night, use of exterior lights can greatly increase the conspicuity of any aircraft.
7.12.2 Keep interior lights low at night.
7.13 ATC Support. ATC facilities often provide radar traffic advisories on a workload.permitting basis. Flight through Class C Airspace requires communication with ATC. Use this support whenev-er possible or when required.
ENR 1.16 Safety, Hazard, and Accident Reports
1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program
1.1 The FAA has established a voluntary program designed to stimulate the free and unrestricted flow of information concerning deficiencies and discrepan-cies in the aviation system. This is a positive program intended to ensure the safest possible system by identifying and correcting unsafe conditions before they lead to accidents. The primary objective of the program is to obtain information to evaluate and enhance the safety and efficiency of the present system.
1.2 This cooperative safety reporting program invites pilots, controllers, flight attendants, mainte-nance personnel and other users of the airspace system, or any other person, to file written reports of actual or potential discrepancies and deficiencies involving the safety of aviation operations. The operations covered by the program include departure, en route, approach, and landing operations and procedures, air traffic control procedures and equipment, crew and air traffic control communica-tions, aircraft cabin operations, aircraft movement on the airport, near midair collisions, aircraft mainte-nance and record keeping, and airport conditions or services.
1.3 The report should give the date, time, location, persons and aircraft involved (if applicable), nature of the event, and all pertinent details.
1.4 To ensure receipt of this information, the program provides for the waiver of certain disciplinary actions against persons, including pilots and air traffic controllers, who file timely written reports concerning potentially unsafe incidents. To be considered timely, reports must be delivered or postmarked within 10 days of the incident unless that period is extended for good cause. Reports should be submitted on National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ARC Forms 277, which are available free of charge, postage prepaid, at FAA Flight Standards District Offices and Flight Service Stations, and from NASA, ASRS, P.O. Box 189, Moffet Field, CA 94035.
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