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14.2 White Out. As defined in meteorological terms, white out occurs when a person becomes engulfed in a uniformly white glow. The glow is a result of being surrounded by blowing snow, dust, sand, mud or water. There are no shadows, no horizon or clouds and all depth.of.field and orientation are lost. A white out situation is severe in that there are no visual references. Flying is not recommended in any white out situation. Flat light conditions can lead to a white out environment quite rapidly, and both atmospheric conditions are insidious; they sneak up on you as your visual references slowly begin to disappear. White out has been the cause of several aviation accidents.
14.3 Self Induced White Out. This effect typically occurs when a helicopter takes off or lands on a snow.covered area. The rotor down wash picks up particles and re.circulates them through the rotor down wash. The effect can vary in intensity depending upon the amount of light on the surface. This can happen on the sunniest, brightest day with good contrast everywhere. However, when it happens, there can be a complete loss of visual clues. If the pilot has not prepared for this immediate loss of visibility, the results can be disastrous. Good planning does not prevent one from encountering flat light or white out conditions.
14.4 Never take off in a white out situation.
14.4.1 Realize that in flat light conditions it may be possible to depart but not to return to that site. During takeoff, make sure you have a reference point. Do not lose sight of it until you have a departure reference point in view. Be prepared to return to the takeoff reference if the departure reference does not come into view.
14.4.2 Flat light is common to snow skiers. One way to compensate for the lack of visual contrast and depth.of.fieldloss is by wearing amber tinted lenses (also known as blue blockers). Special note of caution: Eyewear is not ideal for every pilot. Take into consideration personal factors . age, light sensitivity, and ambient lighting conditions.
14.4.3 So what should a pilot do when all visual references are lost?
14.4.3.1 Trust the cockpit instruments.
14.4.3.2 Execute a 180 degree turnaround and start looking for outside references.
14.4.3.3 Above all . fly the aircraft.
14.4.4 Landing in Low Light Conditions. When landing in a low light condition . use extreme caution. Look for intermediate reference points, in addition to checkpoints along each leg of the route for course confirmation and timing. The lower the ambient light becomes, the more reference points a pilot should use.
14.4.5 Airport Landings.
14.4.5.1 Look for features around the airport or approach path that can be used in determining depth perception. Buildings, towers, vehicles or other aircraft serve well for this measurement. Use something that will provide you with a sense of height above the ground, in addition to orienting you to the runway.
14.4.5.2 Be cautious of snowdrifts and snow banks . anything that can distinguish the edge of the runway. Look for subtle changes in snow texture or shading to identify ridges or changes in snow depth.
14.4.6 Off.Airport Landings.
14.4.6.1 In the event of an off.airport landing, pilots have used a number of different visual cues to gain reference. Use whatever you must to create the contrast you need. Natural references seem to work best (trees, rocks, snow ribs, etc.)
a) Over flight.
b) Use of markers.
c) Weighted flags.
d) Smoke bombs.
e) Any colored rags.
f) Dye markers.
g) Kool.aid.
h) Trees or tree branches.
14.4.6.2 It is difficult to determine the depth of snow in areas that are level. Dropping items from the aircraft to use as reference points should be used as a visual aid only and not as a primary landing reference. Unless your marker is biodegradable, be sure to retrieve it after landing. Never put yourself in a position where no visual references exist.
14.4.6.3 Abort landing if blowing snow obscures your reference. Make your decisions early. Don’t assume you can pick up a lost reference point when you get closer.
14.4.6.4 Exercise extreme caution when flying from sunlight into shade. Physical awareness may tell you that you are flying straight but you may actually be in a spiral dive with centrifugal force pressing against you. Having no visual references enhances this illusion. Just because you have a good visual reference does not mean that it’s safe to continue. There may be snow.covered terrain not visible in the direction that you are traveling. Getting caught in a no visual reference situation can be fatal.
14.4.7 Flying Around a Lake.
14.4.7.1 When flying along lakeshores, use them as a reference point. Even if you can see the other side, realize that your depth perception may be poor. It is easy to fly into the surface. If you must cross the lake, check the altimeter frequently and maintain a safe altitude while you still have a good reference. Don’t descend below that altitude.
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