美国航行情报汇编 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION AIP 3(77)

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2.2.3.1 The percent of the Moon’s surface illumi-nated is a more refined, quantitative description of the Moon’s appearance than is the phase. Considering the Moon as a circular disk, at New Moon the percent illuminated is 0; at First and Last Quarters it is 50%; and at Full Moon it is 100%. During the crescent phases the percent illuminated is between 0 and 50% and during gibbous phases it is between 50% and 100%.
2.2.3.2 For practical purposes, phases of the Moon and the percent of the Moon illuminated are independent of the location on the Earth from where the Moon is observed. That is, all the phases occur at the same time regardless of the observer’s position.
2.2.3.3 For more detailed information, refer to the United States Naval Observatory site referenced below.

Federal Aviation Administration Twentieth Edition
FIG ENR 6.2.3
Phases of the Moon

New Moon . The Moon’s unilluminated side is facing the Earth. The Moon is not visible (except during a solar eclipse).
Waxing Crescent . The Moon appears to be partly but less than one.half illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon’s disk that is illuminated is increasing.
First Quarter . One.half of the Moon appears to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon’s disk that is illuminated is increasing.
Waxing Gibbous . The Moon appears to be more than one.half but not fully illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon’s disk that is illuminated is increasing.
Full Moon . The Moon’s illuminated side is facing the Earth. The Moon appears to be completely illuminated by direct sunlight.
Waning Gibbous . The Moon appears to be more than one.half but not fully illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon’s disk that is illuminated is decreasing.
Last Quarter . One.half of the Moon appears to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon’s disk that is illuminated is decreasing.
Waning Crescent . The Moon appears to be partly but less than one.half illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon’s disk that is illuminated is decreasing.
2.2.4 Access to Astronomical Data for Deter-mination of Moon Rise, Moon Set, and Percentage of Lunar Disk Illuminated
2.2.4.1 Astronomical data for the determination of Moon rise and set and Moon phase may be obtained from the United States Naval Observatory using an interactive query available at: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/.
2.2.4.2 Click on “Data Services,” and then on “Complete Sun and Moon Data for One Day.”
2.2.4.3 You can obtain the times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, transits of the Sun and Moon, and the beginning and end of civil twilight, along with information on the Moon’s phase by specifying the date and location in one of the two forms on this web page and clicking on the “Get data” button at the end of the form. Form “A” is used for cities or towns in the
U.S. or its territories. Form “B” for all other locations. An example of the data available from this site is shown in TBL ENR 6.2.2.
2.2.4.4
Additionally, a yearly table may be constructed for a particular location by using the “Table of Sunrise/Sunset, Moonrise/Moonset, or Twilight Times for an Entire Year” selection.

3.
Landing Zone Safety

3.1 This information is provided for use by helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) pilots, program managers, medical personnel, law enforcement, fire, and rescue personnel to further their understanding of the safety issues concerning Landing Zones (LZs). It is recommended that HEMS operators establish working relationships with the ground responder organizations they may come in contact with in their flight operations and share this information in order to establish a common frame of reference for LZ selection, operations, and safety.
TBL ENR 6.2.2
Sample of Astronomical Data Available from the Naval Observatory
The following information is provided for New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana (longitude W90.1, latitude N30.0) 

Tuesday 29 May 2007  Central Daylight Time 

SUN 
Begin civil twilight  5:34 a.m. 
Sunrise  6:01 a.m. 
Sun transit  12:58 p.m. 
Sunset  7:55 p.m. 
End civil twilight  8:22 p.m. 

MOON 
Moonrise  5:10 p.m. on preceding day 
Moonset  4:07 a.m. 
Moonrise  6:06 p.m. 
Moon transit  11:26 p.m. 
Moonset  4:41 a.m. on following day 

Phase of the Moon on 29 May: waxing gibbous with 95% of the Moon’s visible disk illuminated. 
Full Moon on 31 May 2007 at 8:04 p.m. Central Daylight Time. 

3.2 The information provided is largely based on the booklet, LZ . Preparing the Landing Zone, issued by National Emergency Medical Services Pilots Associ-ation (NEMSPA), and the guidance developed by the University of Tennessee Medical Center’s LIFE-STAR program, and is used with their permission. For additional information, go to: http://www.nemspa.org/.
　
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