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Section 6B Map Reading Procedures
6.4. Basics ............................................................................................................................. 169
6.5. Low-Level Map Reading ............................................................................................... 170
6.6. Map Reading at Night .................................................................................................... 170
6.7. Estimating Distance........................................................................................................ 170
Figure 6.3. Estimating Distances ...................................................................................................... 171
6.8. Seasonal Changes........................................................................................................... 171
6.9. Map Reading at High Latitudes ..................................................................................... 171
6.10. Contour Map Reading .................................................................................................... 172
6.11. Summary ........................................................................................................................ 172
Chapter 7—RADAR NAVIGATION
Section 7A Radar Principles
7.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 173
Section 7B Radar Set Components
7.2. Overview ........................................................................................................................ 173
7.3. Components.................................................................................................................... 174
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 9
Figure 7.1. Radar System Components ............................................................................................ 174
Figure 7.2. Antenna Radiation Patterns............................................................................................ 175
Figure 7.3. Sector Scan Displays...................................................................................................... 176
Figure 7.4. Electromagnetic Cathode Ray Tube............................................................................... 176
Section 7C Scope Interpretation
7.4. Basics ............................................................................................................................. 177
7.5. Factors Affecting Reflection .......................................................................................... 177
Figure 7.5. Relative Reflectivity of Structural Materials ................................................................. 178
7.6. Typical Radar Returns.................................................................................................... 178
Figure 7.6. Mountain Shadows......................................................................................................... 179
Figure 7.7. Radar Returns................................................................................................................. 180
Figure 7.8. Weather Returns............................................................................................................. 181
7.7. Inherent Scope Errors..................................................................................................... 182
Figure 7.9. Combined Effects of Inherent Errors ............................................................................. 183
Section 7D Radar Enhancements
7.8. Basics ............................................................................................................................. 183
7.9. Variable Range Marker and Crosshairs ......................................................................... 183
7.10. Altitude Delay ................................................................................................................ 183
Figure 7.10. Altitude Delay Eliminates the Hole ............................................................................... 184
7.11. Sweep Delay................................................................................................................... 184
Figure 7.11. Sweep Delay Provides Telescopic View........................................................................ 184
7.12. Iso-Echo ......................................................................................................................... 184
Figure 7.12. Iso Echo.......................................................................................................................... 185
7.13. Radar Beacon ................................................................................................................. 185
Figure 7.13. Radar Beacon Returns.................................................................................................... 186
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F16 Flying Operations AIR NAVIGATION(9)
