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to complete the area dimensions of the sample reference point.
1.37.5. GZD for UPS Grid. In the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grid zone, the North Polar Area
is divided into two parts by the 180o and 0o meridians. The half containing the west longitudes is given
the GZD Y; the half containing the east longitudes is given the GZD Z. No numbers are used in
conjunction with the letter to give a GZD. Similarly, the South Polar Area is divided into two parts by
the 0o and 180o meridians. The half containing the west longitude is identified as A; the half containing
the east longitude is identified as B. No numbers are used in conjunction with the letter to give a GZD.
60 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
Figure 1.39. Using UTM Grid System.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 61
1.37.6. 100,000-Meter Square Identification for UPS Grids. In the North Polar Area, the 180o – 0o
meridians coincide with an even 100,000-meter vertical grid line and the 90o – 90o meridians coincide
with an even 100,000-meter horizontal grid line. Grid north is coincident with the 180o meridian from
the Pole. In the half of the area identified by the GZD Y, the 100,000-meter columns (these are at right
angles to the 90o – 90o meridians) are labeled R through Z alphabetically from left to right. In the half
identified by the GZD Z, the 100,000-meter columns are labeled A through J alphabetically from left to
right; in this case, the letter I is omitted, and to avoid confusion with 100,000-meter squares in adjoining
UTM zones, the letters, D, E, V and W are omitted. Starting at the 84o parallel and reading toward grid
north, the 100,000-meter rows at right angles to the 180o – 0o meridians are alphabetically labeled A
through P (I and O omitted). The identification of a 100,000-meter square consists of two letters
determined by reading (right) its column letter and (up) its row letter. In the South Polar Area, a similar
plan is followed, except that grid north is coincident with the 0o meridian from the pole. In the half of the
area identified by the GZD A, the 100,000-meter columns (these are at right angles to the 90o – 90o
meridians) are labeled J through Z alphabetically from left to right. In the half identified by the GZD B,
the 100,000-meter columns are labeled A through R alphabetically from left to right. In both cases, the
letters I and O are omitted and, to avoid confusion with 100,000-meter squares in adjoining UTM zones,
the letters D, E, M, N, V, and W are also omitted. Starting at the 80o parallel and reading toward grid
north, the 100,000-meter rows at right angles to the 180o – 0o meridians are alphabetically labeled A
through Z (I and O omitted). The identification of a 100,000-meter square consists of two letters
determined by reading (right) its column letter and (up) to its row letter.
1.38. World Geographic Reference (GEOREF) System. The GEOREF system was developed by the
Air War College, Air University, as a worldwide geographic referencing system and is generally known
by its short title GEOREF. It makes use of the simplified system of always reading from left to right and
up, using a group of letters and numbers to locate a point, thus making the referencing of a point much
easier than using the geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude which require the giving of
latitude in degrees, minutes and seconds (north or south) and the longitude in degrees, minutes and
seconds (east or west). For example, to call in a reference to the nearest minute using geocoordinates, it
would be necessary to say 60o12' north, and 119o57' east as compared to a reference to the same point
using the GEOREF system VLAQ5712. The possibility of error in communicating a reference is greatly
reduced by the relatively simple GEOREF system.
1.38.1. Composition. The GEOREF system is based on the normal latitude and longitude values that
appear on all maps and charts. Instead of using a grid system of its own, as does the UTM grid and other
military grids, the GEOREF system makes use of the meridians and parallels that appear on the chart.
Basically, this system defines the unit geographic area in which a specific point lies. It may be applied to
any map or chart, regardless of the type of projection. The GEOREF is read to the right and up in all
cases. The point of origin is the 180th meridian and the South Pole. It extends to the right or eastward
from the 180th meridian around the globe, 360o to the 180th meridian again. It extends upward or
northward from the South Pole, 180o to the North Pole.
1.38.2. Referencing. The GEOREF divides the earth's surface into quadrangles of longitude and latitude
with a simple, brief, systematic code that gives positive identification to each quadrangle. The system
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