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designation of a point or an area on the earth's surface, usually in terms of numbers or letters, or a
combination thereof.
1.34.3. World Position Referencing System. References for points taken from charts or maps not
gridded with a military grid are expressed as geographic coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude.
1.34.4. Military Grid Reference System (MGRS). This is a position referencing system developed for
use with the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grids.
1.34.5. World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF). This is a referencing system sometimes
employed by the Air Force in the control and direction of air forces engaged in operations not involving
other military forces.
1.35. DoD Policy for Position Referencing. It is possible for the practicing navigator to encounter any
or all of the basic reference systems discussed in this pamphlet. The DoD policy for position referencing
procedures for joint use by all the United States military services establishes two position referencing
systems for all joint operations as follows:
1.35.1. The system of geographic coordinates expressed in latitude and longitude.
1.35.2. The MGRS as developed for use with the UTM and UPS grids.
1.35.3. Because military grids are designed to permit accurate identification of ground locations and the
computation of distance and direction from one point to another, and because all map projections have
inherent distortion of scale and angles, it is essential that military grids be superimposed upon
projections having the least distortion. Conformal projections selected by the DoD as having the least
distortion of scale and angles for large and medium scale mapping are the transverse Mercator and the
polar stereographic. The military grid systems are applied to aeronautical charts primarily for use in Air
Force support of ground operations. The Air Force uses the UTM from latitude 80o S to 84o N and the
UPS from latitudes 84o N and 80o S to the respective poles. The standard unit of measure used with
UTM and UPS grids is the meter.
1.36. Military Grid Reference System (MGRS). The MGRS is designed for use with the UTM and
UPS grids. The world is divided into large regularly shaped geographic areas, each of which is given a
unique identification called the grid zone designation (GZD). These areas are subdivided into 100,000-
meter squares, based on the grid covering the area. Each square is identified by two letters called the
100,000-meter square identification. This identification is unique within the area covered by the GZD.
Numerical references within the 100,000-meter square are given to the desired accuracy in terms of the
east (E) and north (N) grid coordinates for the point.
1.36.1. GZD. Ordinarily, a reference keyed to a gridded map of any scale is made by giving the 100,000-
meter square identification together with the numerical term. The GZD usually is prefixed to the
identification when references are made in more than one grid zone.
1.36.2. GZD for UTM Grids. Between 72o N and 72o S, the globe is divided into areas 6o east-west by
8o north-south. Between 72o N and 84o N (72o S and 80o S) the bands are not always 6o wide. The
56 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
columns (6o wide) are identified by the UTM zone numbers; that is, starting at the 180o meridian and
proceeding easterly, the columns are numbered 1 through 60, consecutively (Figure 1.35). The rows (8o
high, except for the last which is 12o high) are identified by letters; starting at 80o S and proceeding
northerly to 84o N, the rows are lettered alphabetically C through X with the letters I and O omitted. The
GZD is determined by reading to the right the column designation (as 32), then up the row designation
(as T), to obtain 32T (Figure 1.35).
Figure 1.35. Designation of UTM Grid Zones.
1.36.3. 100,000-Meter Square Identification for UTM Grids. Between 84o N and 80o S, grid zone
areas are divided into 100,000-meter squares based on the UTM grid for the zone. Each column of
squares is identified by a letter and each row of squares is identified by a letter (Figure 1.36). Starting at
180o meridian and proceeding easterly along the equator for 18o, the 100,000-meter column, including
partial columns along grid junctions, are lettered alphabetically A through Z (with I and O omitted). This
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 57
alphabet is repeated at 18o intervals. The 100,000-meter rows are lettered alphabetically A through V (I
and O omitted) reading from south to north, with this partial alphabet being repeated every 2,000,000
meters. Normally, every odd-numbered UTM zone has the alphabet of the 100,000-meter row letters
beginning at the equator; the even-numbered UTM zones normally have the alphabet of the 100,000-
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