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actually furnishing the bombing computer with all the inputs needed to solve the bombing problem. A
few seconds prior to "bombs away," the bomb bay doors open; at "bombs away," a signal is sent to the
release circuits and the weapons are dropped. After bomb release, the pilot again takes over aircraft
steering. Whether a B-52 or an F-15E delivers the bomb, the principles are the same and the bombing
problem is solved in a similar manner by computers.
Section 18C— Computed Air Release Point
18.3. Basics. The computed air release point system is the standard tactical drop system for personnel
and equipment. Commonly referred to as a CARP, it is a scientific approach to a parachute-bombing
problem. The mathematical CARP solution is based on average parachute ballistics and fundamental
dead reckoning principles.
18.3.1. The aircraft commander is responsible for insuring the CARP solution is computed and used in
all parachute operations not using a ground-marked or electronic release point. In reality, the navigator
is responsible for the actual solution of the CARP (Figure 18.3).
18.3.2. In flight, the pilot and navigator jointly confirm the offset distance for the CARP. The pilot
assumes the responsibility for maintaining the offset distance and required track. The navigator picks the
timing point (if used), controls the time to release, and continually crosschecks the offset distance.
Cooperation and teamwork among the crew are crucial to airdrop success.
358 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
Figure 18.3. Completed CARP.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 359
18.4. Governing Factors. The CARP computes the release point of the first parachute-supported object.
The actual ground pattern of the remaining airdropped personnel or equipment depends upon:
18.4.1. Time between "Green Light" and the time of last exit.
18.4.2. Aircraft stability from "Green Light" throughout the jump or extraction period.
18.4.3. Uniformity of loads or parachute types within elements.
18.4.4. Glide angle of individual parachutes.
18.4.5. Aircraft track across the drop zone.
18.4.6. Aircraft altitude and speed.
18.4.7. Weather, primarily winds.
18.5. Initial Point (IP). The initial point should be a prominent yet a relatively small checkpoint, and
should be located a sufficient distance from the drop zone to allow slowdown to drop airspeed,
performance of slowdown maneuvers, and for any respacing of formation that might be required. The IP
should be located as close as possible to the axis of the drop zone (DZ).
18.6. Release Point. The location of the release point is critical to the accuracy of the drop and can be
determined in several ways. Drop accuracy is measured in yards, not miles. Since it is difficult to
precisely position the aircraft over a point due to limited downward visibility, timing points or other
means are often used to determine the release point. When the computed air release point falls abeam a
small, easily recognizable checkpoint, a timing point is unnecessary.
18.6.1. Visual. The simplest method for accurate airdrops is to locate a small, precise landmark that the
crew can easily find. Depending on the location of the CARP, "Green Light" can be called as the aircraft
comes abeam this point, or the navigator can begin timing to reach the release point. Generally, a timing
point close to the CARP will be more accurate than one far away. This technique can be used during the
day, at night under natural illumination, or using night vision goggles.
18.6.2. Sight Angle Drop (SAD). SAD was developed in response to the need for a visual drop without
having detailed photos of the drop zone environment. Sight angle is based on trigonometry, and is based
on looking at the point-of-impact (PI) through the front windscreen at a known angle. Knowing the
altitude of PI and aircraft deck angle and using tabular data, the navigator can extract the distance at
which the PI will disappear under the nose of the aircraft. When it does, the navigator begins timing to
the release point. The accuracy of this type of drop depends highly on a stable airspeed and altitude
during the timing period.
18.6.3. Computer. Another way to locate the CARP is to use highly accurate navigation computers.
Either GPS or INS, assisted by ground-based signals, is both reliable and accurate enough to drop
personnel and equipment, and does not rely on VFR conditions to drop.
18.6.4. Electronic. Electronic means is another method to determine the release point. One way uses a
ground-based radar beacon to mark the release point. The navigator directs the aircraft to the beacon
360 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
using the radar, and times to the release point using the radar range marks. The long distance flown
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