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10. Two digits indicate thousands of feet, the most common reference. Should greater precision be
required, use three digits to indicate hundreds, four digits to indicate tens, and five digits to indicate units
of feet.
1.38.4.4. To designate Greenwich time, the letter Z is used, followed by two or four digits representing
hours or hours and minutes of the 24-hour clock.
1.39. Summary. The UTM, UPS, and GEOREF systems are all designed to facilitate location of definite
points on the earth's surface. They are used primarily when other conventional systems are difficult to
66 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
use. The various grid systems used for position location should not be confused with the grid directional
system. Grid directional overlays are used in polar navigation. The primary purpose of a grid directional
system is to establish a reference direction with regard to some point other than the North Pole. A full
explanation of the construction and use of the grid directional overlay is given in the chapter on grid
navigation.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 67
Chapter 2
MISSION PLANNING
2.1. Introduction. Before boarding an aircraft, a navigator must thoroughly plan the mission. A wellplanned
mission will provide a professional atmosphere, enhancing safety and accomplishment of
mission objectives. Also, adequate mission planning prior to flight can avoid unnecessary in-flight
problems. This chapter describes the navigator's mission planning. It begins with a discussion of air
traffic control systems, followed by a brief description of publications, with which a professional
navigator should be familiar. United States military publications used for flight planning and in-flight
purposes follow specific Air Force publications. Most of this chapter is devoted to general mission
planning considerations. All phases of ground planning are discussed, from chart selection to arrival
study.
Section 2A— Air Traffic Control System
2.2. Basics. Most nations of the world today have established airspace, air traffic units, and air traffic
services to promote a safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of traffic. Furthermore, in the interest of
standardization, many nations are establishing systems according to the standards and recommended
practices adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Navigators must understand
what these air traffic services are and how they can be used because military operations are directly
affected by these services.
2.3. Air Traffic Service. Air traffic service is a general term referring to any of the following services:
2.3.1. Air Traffic Control. A service provided by ground agencies to prevent collisions and to expedite
and maintain an orderly flow of traffic. Air traffic control includes such services as area and en route
control, approach control, and tower control. It is used primarily under instrument flight rules (IFR).
2.3.2. Advisory Service. This service is provided to give air information that is useful for the safe and
effective conduct of flight. This service is usually associated with the visual flight rules (VFR)
environment and includes such services as weather conditions, location of known traffic, status of
navigational aids (NAVAID), status of airports and facilities, etc.
2.3.3. Alerting Service. This is a service provided to notify applicable organizations regarding aircraft in
need of search and rescue aid and to assist such organizations as required.
2.4. Airspace. When it has been determined that air traffic services are to be provided, portions of the
airspace are designed in relation to the air traffic services that are required. Consult Flight Information
Publication (FLIP) for an in-depth explanation of airspace.
2.5. Air Traffic Service Units. These are the units that provide the air traffic service within defined
airspace.
2.5.1. Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC). This facility provides air traffic control to IFR
flights within controlled airspace.
68 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
2.5.2. Approach Control. This facility provides air traffic control to aircraft arriving at or departing
from one or more airports.
2.5.3. Airport Control Tower. This facility provides air traffic control service for airport traffic.
2.5.4. Flight Service Station (FSS). This facility is operated by the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) to provide flight assistance service.
2.6. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). To establish international rules for air traffic
control, the ICAO was formed in April 1947. ICAO is affiliated with the United Nations as a specialized
international body dealing with aviation matters. The member states (refer to FLIP General Planning
[GP]) of the ICAO subscribe to ICAO rules and procedures. These rules and procedures are used except
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