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various compass cards.
3.5.7. Remote Compass Transmitter. The remote compass transmitter is the magnetic-directionsensing
component of the compass system when the system is in operation as a magnetic-slaved
compass. The transmitter is located as far from magnetic disturbances of the aircraft as possible, usually
in a wing tip or the vertical stabilizer. The transmitter senses the horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field and electrically transmits it to the master indicator. The compensator, an auxiliary unit of
the remote compass transmitter, is used to eliminate most of the magnetic deviation caused by the
aircraft electrical equipment and ferrous metal when a deviation-free location for the remote compass
transmitter is not available.
3.5.8. Directional Gyro (DG). The DG is the stabilizing component of the compass system when the
system is in magnetic-slaved operation. When the compass system is in DG operation, the gyro acts as
the directional reference component of the system.
3.5.9. Amplifier. The amplifier is the receiving and distributing center of the compass system. Azimuth
correction and leveling signals originating in the components of the system are each received, amplified,
and transmitted by separate channels in the amplifier. Primary power to operate the compass is fed to the
amplifier and distributed to the systems components.
3.5.10. Master Indicator. The master indicator is the heading-indicating component of the compass
system. The mechanism in the master indicator integrates all data received from the directional gyro and
the remote compass transmitter, corrects the master indicator heading pointer for azimuth drift of the DG
due to the earth's rotation, and provides takeoff signals for operating remote indicators, radar, navigation
computers, and directional control of the autopilot.
92 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
3.5.10.1. The latitude correction control provides a means for selecting either magnetic-slaved operation
or DG operation of the compass system as well as the proper latitude correction rate. The latitude
correction pointer is mechanically connected to the latitude correction control knob and indicates the
latitude setting on the latitude correction scale at the center of the master indicator dial face.
3.5.10.2. The synchronizer control knob at the lower right-hand corner of the master indicator face
provides a means of synchronizing the master indicator heading pointer with the correct MH when the
system is in magnetic-slaved operation. It also provides a means of setting the master indicator heading
pointer on the desired gyro heading reference when the system is in DG operation.
3.5.10.3. The annunciator pointer indicates the direction in which to rotate the synchronizer control knob
to align the heading pointer with the correct MH.
3.5.11. Gyro-Magnetic Compass Indicators. The gyro-magnetic compass indicators are remotereading,
movable dial compass indicators. They are intended for supplementary use as directional
compass indicators when used with the compass system. The indicators duplicate the azimuth heading of
the master indicator heading pointer. A setting knob is provided at the front of each indicator for rotating
the dial 360o in either direction without changing the physical alignment of the pointer.
3.5.12. Slaving Control. The slaving control is a gyro control rate switch which reduces errors in the
compass system during turns. When the aircraft turns at a rate of 23o or more per minute, the slaving
control prevents the remote compass transmitter signal from being transmitted to the compass system
during magnetic-slaved operation. It also interrupts leveling action in the DG when the system is in
magnetic-slaved or DG operation.
3.6. The Gyro:
3.6.1. Basics. Any spinning body exhibits gyroscopic properties. A wheel designed and mounted to use
these properties is called a gyroscope or gyro. Basically, a gyro is a rapidly rotating mass which is free to
move about one or both axes perpendicular to the axis of rotation and to each other. The three axes of a
gyro (spin, drift, and topple) shown in Figure 3.9 are defined as follows: (1) In a DG, the spin axis or
axis of rotation is mounted horizontally; (2) The topple axis is that axis in the horizontal plane that is 90o
from the spin axis; (3) The drift axis is that axis 90o vertically from the spin axis.
Figure 3.9. Gyroscope Axes.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 93
3.6.1.1. Gyroscopic drift is the horizontal rotation of the spin axis about the drift axis. Topple is the
vertical rotating of the spin axis about the topple axis. These two component drifts result in motion of
the gyro called precession.
3.6.1.2. A freely spinning gyro tends to maintain its axis in a constant direction in space, a property
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