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the tanker and receiver aircraft joined up at the air refueling control time (ARCT). For point parallel and
en route rendezvous, the tanker is responsible for receiver navigation from ARCP until the AREX point.
For the radar controller directed rendezvous, responsibility for the rendezvous depends on the situation.
Altitude separation between tankers and receivers is critical during the rendevous procedures.
19.5.1. En Route Rendezvous. The en route rendezvous is simple, but requires precise time control by
both the tanker and receiver to arrive over the rendezvous point at the same time. There is no designated
orbit point on track for an en route rendezvous, therefore you must use course and speed control to make
the rendezvous control time. The designated rendezvous point is normally the published ARIP.
19.5.2. Point Parallel Rendezvous. The point parallel has a designated tanker orbit point at the ARCP
(see Figure 19.3). When cleared to delay at the ARCP, the tanker sets up a left hand racetrack orbit
pattern, remaining within an area 60 NM long by 25 NM wide (see Figure 19.4). The receiver enters the
track at the ARIP and continues downtrack to the ARCP. It is imperative that the receiver be on course
and airspeed to the ARCP for a successful rendezvous. If all applicable ARTCC clearances have been
obtained, the tanker will turn toward the receiver, establish proper track offset, and continue toward the
ARIP. To effect the rendezvous, the 25 NM wide area extends down to the ARIP when cleared for air
refueling. When reaching the appropriate turn range (nose-to-nose distance), the tanker begins a 30
degree bank left turn to roll out in a position allowing the receiver to maneuver for air refueling. The
primary means to determine range between aircraft is the air-to-air TACAN. Be prepared to use other
means to accomplish the rendezvous should the primary equipment fail.
366 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
Figure 19.3. Point Parallel Rendezvous.
Figure 19.4. Point Parallel Rendezvous Tanker Orbit Area.
19.5.3. Radar Controller Directed Rendezvous. This type of rendezvous is typical for fighter type
aircraft refueling in an anchor area where the airspace is controlled by ground or air military radar. The
rendezvous can be accomplished several ways. For instance, the controller may assume responsibility
for the rendezvous and provide vectors to get the aircraft joined up. In other cases, the controller gives
the tanker or receiver responsibility for the rendezvous. If the tanker is responsible for the rendezvous, it
is typically a point parallel with an orbit at the anchor point. If the receiver is responsible for the
rendezvous, they maneuver from a nose-to-nose aspect while the tanker maintains a constant heading.
This is called a fighter turn-on. The radar controller-directed rendezvous often involve multiple sets of
fighter receivers arriving at different times. All participants must pay close attention to aircraft location
and altitude for potential conflicts. Although the radar controller owns the airspace, aircrews are still
responsible for monitoring navigation and maintaining aircraft separation while in the refueling area.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 367
19.6. Weather. During rendezvous closure, bad weather or low visibility can increase the potential of a
failed rendezvous or receiver overrun. The effects of sun glare, cloud formations, precipitation, and
various other weather phenomena can cause loss of visual contact. The receiver navigator will use radar
to identify the tanker but will have no visual backup from the pilots in these circumstances. Successful
completion of the rendezvous will depend on the ability of the receiver navigator to direct closure to 1/2
NM. During refueling, adverse weather can lead to a dangerous situation. The tanker navigator must
make a concerted effort to maneuver away from these areas by altering course, or altitude, or moving to
another air refueling track. The best time to avoid adverse weather begins during mission planning.
Unfortunately, after several replanning attempts, you may still encounter severe weather.
19.7. Summary. Successful air refueling requires a coordinated effort between tanker and receiver flight
crews beginning with mission planning. Crews must use standard procedures and terminology to
communicate essential information. Air refueling tracks come in a variety of shapes and sizes; therefore
flight crews must study FLIP to determine specific track requirements. There are several types of
rendezvous demanding unique responsibilities of the tanker and receivers. Although the rendezvous is
important, crews must always remain aware of environmental conditions and human factors that could
jeopardize safety.
ROBERT H. FOGLESONG, Lt General, USAF
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