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chances of success are greatly reduced.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 355
Chapter 18
AERIAL DELIVERY
Section 18A— Introduction
18.1. Basics. Placing a bomb on the target or aerial delivery of troops and supplies require many of the
same techniques. Timing on aerial delivery missions is critical and precise arrival over the target or drop
zone must be carefully planned and executed. The low altitude portion of the mission can be used to
update ballistics for the bomb release point (BRP) or computed air release point (CARP) information.
18.1.1. Finding the BRP and finding the CARP require similar data and computations. Both points
require simultaneous solving of four different problems: target ID, time control, track control, and
determining the release point. Locating the proper release point in space is a simple airplot problem.
Any object dropped from an aircraft is affected by certain factors including aircraft airspeed, altitude
above the target, air resistance on the dropped object, and wind effect.
18.1.2. Navigation computers greatly simplify locating the release point. However, you must carefully
control all inputs to the computer since any input error will affect delivery accuracy. So remember if you
put garbage in your computer, you will get garbage out.
Section 18B— The Bombing Problem
18.2. Basics. Precision bombing is the heart of the bombardier's profession. Success as a bombardier is
measured in feet and seconds, and often in fractions of seconds. The bombing problem is
mathematically resolved in a bombing computer to solve for what is technically termed the bomb
resolver locus (BRL). The aircraft must be flown to the BRL to reach the bomb release point (BRP). The
BRP is located upwind of the target along the computed BRP. The BRL is constantly changing
throughout the bomb run to compensate for many factors including wind, altitude, airspeed, aiming
updates, heading, and other factors which affect the bombing solution. You should know the elements of
the basic bombing problem to understand the solution. These elements can be viewed in two planes,
horizontally and vertically, solved simultaneously.
18.2.1. Horizontal Problem (Figure 18.1). The horizontal problem is concerned with establishing
heading to the BRL. To determine the release heading, the bombing computer must be able to locate the
target to determine wind effect on the bomb. By placing the crosshairs (electronically generated signal
on the radarscope) on a radar return, the operator identifies the target for the computer. By resolving for
wind effect or wind to impact (WTI) on the bomb against time remaining to impact (TI), the computer
provides release heading and range to the BRL. For simplicity, the BRL is an air position and the BRP is
a ground position. The air leg consists of a true heading and air distance to release, and the wind leg is
wind effect on the aircraft. Although constantly changing, the BRL is the point at which the crew must
aim the aircraft in order to reach the BRP.
356 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
Figure 18.1. Horizontal Bombing Problem.
18.2.2. Vertical Problem (Figure 18.2). The vertical problem is concerned with establishing the time of
release. Time to go (TTG) is the time remaining until the bombs are released. To determine the exact
time of release, you must know two elements: how long the weapon will be in the air from release until
impact (time of fall or TF), and trail (L), distance the aircraft travels past the target before bomb
detonation or impact. Released too soon, the bomb falls short; released too late, the bomb falls beyond
the target. The TF and trail are taken from ballistics tables and set into the computer. Because the shape,
size, and drag of bombs vary greatly, separate tables are used for each type bomb. The virtual impact
point (VIP) is the position of the aircraft at the moment of impact or detonation, providing the aircraft
stays on heading after release. The system computes the time remaining to impact when the crosshairs
are placed on the target. The formula is TG = (distance to target + L)/GS - TF.
18.2.2.1. On a typical bomb run, the bombardier places the crosshairs on the aiming point and sets the
bombing computer into operation. The pilot centers the directional indicator aligning the aircraft on the
computed heading for release, and may give the bombardier steering control of the aircraft by way of an
auto pilot hookup. The bombardier checks true airspeed and altitude to assure that the ballistic settings
are still correct. At a precomputed range the timing meter will start; this provides the countdown to
bomb release.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 357
Figure 18.2. Vertical Bombing Problem.
18.2.2.2. While it appears only a matter of keeping the crosshairs on the aiming plot, the bombardier is
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