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tinting or vignetting, or may be left blank.
1.31.9. Vegetation. Vegetation is not shown on most small scale charts. Forests and wooded areas in
certain parts of the world are portrayed on some medium scale charts. On some large scale charts, park
areas, orchards, hedgerows, and vineyards are shown. Portrayal may be by solid tint, vignette, or
supplemented vignette.
52 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
Figure 1.33. Summary of Typical Charts.
1.31.10. Aeronautical Information. In the aeronautical category, coded chart symbols denote airfields,
radio aids to navigation, commercial broadcasting stations, Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ),
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 53
compulsory corridors, restricted airspace, warning notes, lines of magnetic variation, and special
navigational grids. Some aeronautical information is subject to frequent change. For economy of
production, charts are retained in stock for various periods of time. To keep the charts current, only the
stable kinds of information are printed on navigation charts. Aeronautical type data subject to frequent
change is provided the user by the DoD FLIP documents. Consult the DoD CHUM and notices to airmen
(NOTAM) for the most current air information and chart information.
1.32. Requisitioning Charts and Flight Information Publications:
1.32.1. NIMA produces and distributes all aeronautical charts and FLIP documents. A summary of the
typical charts is in Figure 1.33. Requisitions should indicate item identification and terminology for each
item requested as listed in the catalog. List aeronautical charts by series in numerical or alphabetical
sequence; list FLIP documents by type (en route, planning, terminal), title, and geographic area of
coverage.
1.32.2. When requisitioning, refer to the sample requisition shown in the DoD catalog to expedite
processing and prompt shipment of chart and flight information needs.
1.32.3. The Air Force Intelligence Agency is responsible for all Air Force mapping, charting, and
geodesy (MC&G) matters. Many times in the tactical operation of the Air Force, pilots and navigators
need new or additional cartographic support in performing their navigational duties. The following
information tells them how to submit requirements for developing or modifying MC&G products.
1.32.4. Contact NIMA or its squadrons and detachments for technical assistance in preparing statements
of requirements. Addresses are listed in the NIMA Catalog of Maps, Charts, and Related Products.
Section 1H— Position Referencing Systems
1.33. Basics. The spherical coordinate system of latitude and longitude sometimes proves difficult to use
because its units of degrees, minutes, and seconds are not comparable to the normal units of surface
measurement. Further, the geographic graticule is not printed in its entirety on most topographic maps.
Consideration for the above factors led to the development of military grid systems in an effort to
simplify and increase the accuracy of position referencing. As early as World War I, the French
superimposed a military grid on maps of small areas in order to control artillery fire. After World War I,
a number of nations followed the example of the French-devised military grid system for use by their
military forces.
1.34. Terms Explained:
1.34.1. Military Grid. A military grid (Figure 1.34) is composed of two series of equally spaced parallel
lines perpendicular to each other. The grid is constructed by first establishing an origin. Next,
perpendicular axes are drawn through the origin with one of them pointing to true north. North-south
grid lines (eastings) and east-west grid lines (northings) are then drawn parallel and perpendicular,
respectively, to the north-south axis. On military maps of scale 1:75,000 and larger, the distance between
successive grid lines (grid interval) represents 1,000 meters (or yards) at the scale of the map. The
military grid is superimposed on charts and maps to permit accurate identification of ground positions
and to allow the computing or measuring of correct distances and directions from one point to another.
54 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
The origin is assigned false values to avoid coordinates of negative value. Grid lines are identified by
grid line values printed in two sizes of type in the margin at each end of the grid line. For referencing
purposes, only the grid line values printed in the larger type size (principal digits), increased by any
digits needed to express the reference to the desired degree of accuracy, are used. Grid line values
increase from west to east and from south to north.
Figure 1.34. Military Grid.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 55
1.34.2. Position Referencing System. A position referencing system is any system that permits the
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