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the earth.
Great Circle—Any circle on a sphere whose plane passes through the center of that sphere.
Hour Circle—A great circle on the celestial sphere passing through the celestial poles and a given
celestial body.
Small Circle—Any circle on a sphere whose plane does not pass through the center of that sphere.
Vertical Circle—A great circle on the celestial sphere joining the observer's zenith and nadir.
Co-Altitude (co-alt)—The small arc of a vertical circle, between the observer's position and the body
(90° - altitude).
Co-Declination (co-dec)—See Polar Distance.
Co-Latitude (co-lat)—The small arc of the observer's celestial meridian between the elevated pole and
the body (90° - latitude).
Collimation—The correct alignment of the images of the bubble of a sextant and the object being
observed.
Compass—An instrument that indicates direction measured clockwise from true north or grid north.
Direct-Indicating Compass—A magnetic compass in which the dial, scale, or index is carried on
the sensing element.
Magnetic Compass—An instrument containing a freely suspended magnetic element that displays
the direction of the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field at the point of observation.
Remote Indicating Compass—A magnetic compass, the magnetic detecting element of which is
installed in an aircraft in a position as free as possible from causes of deviation. A transmitter system
378 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
is included to enable compass indications to be read on a number of repeater dials suitably
positioned in the aircraft.
Compass Direction—The horizontal direction expressed as an angular distance measured clockwise
from compass north.
Compass Rose—A graduated circle, usually marked in degrees, indicating directions and printed or
inscribed on an appropriate medium.
Constellation—A recognizable group of stars by means of which individual stars may be identified.
Contour Line—A line on a map or chart connecting points of equal elevation.
Controlled Time Of Arrival—A method of arriving at a destination at a specified time by changing
direction and (or) speed of an aircraft.
Control Point—The position an aircraft must reach at a predetermined time.
Coordinates—Linear or angular quantities which designate the position that a point occupies in a given
reference frame or system. Also used as a general term to designate the particular kind of reference
frame or system, such as plane rectangular coordinates or spherical coordinates.
Celestial (1)—The equinoctial system involves the use of sidereal hour angle and declination to
locate a point on the celestial sphere with reference to the first point of Aries and the equinoctial.
Celestial (2)—The horizon system involves the use of azimuth and altitude to locate a point on the
celestial sphere for an instant of time from a specific geographical position on the earth.
Celestial (3)—The Greenwich system involves the use of Greenwich hour angle and declination to
locate a point on the celestial sphere with reference to the Greenwich meridian and the equinoctial
for a given instant of time.
Geographical—The latitude and longitude used to locate any given point on the surface of the earth.
Grid—Coordinates of a grid coordinate system to which numbers and letters are assigned for use in
designating a point on a grid map, photograph, or chart. Also a rectangular grid of fictitious chart
graticule which is oriented with grid north.
Polar—Coordinates derived from the distance and angular measurements from a fixed point (pole).
Rectangular—A system of coordinates based on a rectangular grid, sometimes referred to as grid
coordinates.
Coriolis Error—See Celestial Observation Errors.
Coriolis Force—An apparent force due to the rotation of the earth which causes a moving body to be
deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Course—The direction of the intended path of an aircraft over the earth.
Great-Circle Course—The route between two points on the earth's surface measured along the
shorter segment of the circumference of the great circle between the two points. A great circle
course establishes the shortest distance over the surface of the earth between any two terrestrial
points.
Grid Course (GC)—The horizontal angle measured clockwise from grid north to the course line.
The course of an aircraft measured with reference to the north direction of a polar grid.
Magnetic Course (MC)—The horizontal angle measured from the direction of magnetic north
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