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AGE models and, 106
Apollo computer and, 123–143
astronaut training by, 158–159
Battin and, 100–103
command center and, 108–109
computer development and, 123–143
Digital Development Group and, 98
Eagle landing and, 221–227
Index 345
Instrumentation Laboratory (cont.)
gimbal reliability and, 119–121
guidance systems and, 102–121
Hall and, 98–99
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and, 102
Klumpp and, 188–190
Mars probe and, 99–102
memory restrictions and, 152, 154
NASA contract and, 103–109
Polaris project and, 97–99
project management and, 169–174
Q-guidance technique and, 98–100
software development and, 145–180 (see also
Software)
as system integrator, 112–114
Whirlwind computer and, 99, 124
Instrument Engineering, 25–26
Instrument flight rules (IFR) landings, 240,
242, 254
Instrument flying, 24–26
Integrated circuits (ICs), 1–2, 99, 125–127,
131, 145
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). See
Missiles
Interfaces, 7, 37. See also Software
display and keyboard (DSKY) unit and, 165–
169
verb-noun syntax and, 167
International Space Station, 265
Interrupt-response routines, 149–150
Invertible numbers, 101
Irwin, Jim, 249, 253–254, 259
Jamming, 97, 104, 138
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 100, 102,
271
Jets, 20, 32–33, 45
Jet selection logic, 140
J-missions, 249–250, 254
Johnson, Caldwell, 136
Johnson, Clarence ‘‘Kelly,’’ 23, 45–46, 61
Johnson, Lyndon, 13, 95–96
Johnsville tests, 70–73
KALCMANU, 194, 237
Kalman, Rudolf, 103
Kalman filter, 103
Kamanin, Nikolai, 89
Kauffman, James, 82
Kelley, Bartram, 43
Kelly, Tom, 183–185
Kennedy, John F.
American imagery and, 12
Apollo program and, 5–7, 61, 91, 104–105,
107, 134, 251, 270
assassination of, 126
Kennedy Space Center, 169, 178, 209
Kepler’s laws, 118
Keyboards, 152, 160–161, 165–169
Khrushchev, Nikita, 102
Kidder, Tracy, 14
Kilby, Jack, 99
King, Martin Luther, 6, 12
Kitty Hawk, 44
Klumpp, Allan, 188–190, 204–205
Kollsman, Paul, 26, 110, 127
Kollsman Instrument, 110
Korean War, 49
Kosmala, Alex, 127, 147, 161, 172
Kraft, Chris, 136, 169
Apollo 12 and, 241–242
astronaut deaths and, 173
landings and, 192
Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV) and,
214–215
lunar module (LM) and, 184–185
pilot role and, 75–76, 81, 86
Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP)
and, 80
teleprinter and, 108–109
Kranz, Gene, 221–224, 230, 249
Kubrick, Stanley, 12
Kuettner, Joachim, 65
Landing point designator (LPD), 204–206,
223–225
Apollo 11 and, 259
346 Index
Apollo 12 and, 237–238
Apollo 15 and, 253–254
Apollo 16 and, 255
Apollo 17 and, 258
pilots’ reasons for not using, 259–261
Landings, 295n53
accuracy and, 235–243, 251–255
antennas and, 190–191
Apollo 14 and, 243–249
autopilot and, 193–194
braking phase and, 197–202
commit point of, 193
communications and, 190–191
confidence and, 214–215
DELTAH and, 201
difficulty of, 181–182, 214–215
Eagle and, 217–226
equations for, 189–190
fuel issues and, 190, 199–200, 202–203, 207
hard over mode and, 195–196
high gate and, 202–204
human factors and, 191–193, 202–208
instrumental flight rules (IFR), 240, 242, 254
J-missions and, 249–250, 254
low gate and, 206–207, 224
mission planning and, 186–190
phases of, 186
pitch over and, 251–255, 258
powered descent initiation (PDI) and, 199–
200
pucker factor and, 211
radar and, 190–191, 200–201, 227–232, 248–
249
real-time integration and, 191
scientists and, 256–257
simulators and, 210–213
software and, 191, 193, 195–196
spacecraft control and, 182–186
subsytems of, 190–193
systems engineering and, 190–193
touchdown and, 206–208
training for, 208–210
user interface and, 194–197
variations and, 251
velocity-nulling guidance and, 215
Landmark line, 114
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