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Human factors)
Instrumentation Laboratory and, 96, 105–121
(see also Instrumentation Laboratory)
J-missions and, 249–250
Kennedy and, 5–7, 12, 61, 91, 95, 104–105,
107, 111, 134, 251, 270
landings and, 181–215
management conflicts and, 133–137
optics issues and, 114–119
Polaris and, 104–105, 110
project management and, 169–174
project-oriented histories of, 9–10
safety requirements and, 134–135
simulators and, 2–3, 51, 54 (see also
Simulators)
social effects of, 8–10
software and, 145–180 (see also Software)
sole-source contract and, 107–108
Apollo 1, 173
Apollo 4, 174–175
Apollo 5, 175–176, 233
Apollo 6, 176
Apollo 7, 176–177
Apollo 8, 177–180
Apollo 10, 190, 217, 256
Apollo 11, 9–10, 251, 261
computer alarms and, 221–227
descent orbit insertion (DOI) and, 217–218
Eagle landing and, 1–4, 7–8, 217–232
human factors and, 217–227
lack of accuracy and, 235
Medal of Freedom and, 232
pilots’ reasons for manual control and, 259
pitch over and, 220–221
powered descent and, 217–220
scientist resignations and, 257
simulators and, 217, 220
Apollo 12, 261
accuracy and, 235–237
Conrad and, 236–243
DELTAH and, 237
goal of, 235–236
improvements on, 236
landing point designator (LPD) and, 237–238
lunar module (LM) of, 236–237
Noun 69 and, 236–237, 242–243
pilots’ reasons for manual control and, 259
pitch over and, 238
powered descent initiation (PDI) and, 237
procedural changes in, 236–237
reaction control system (RCS) and, 237–238
simulators and, 238
velocity indicator and, 241–242
Apollo 13, 9, 186, 243
Apollo 13 (film), 9
Apollo 14, 233
backup systems and, 248–249
hardware failure and, 243–248
pilot skills and, 248–249
pilots’ reasons for manual control and, 260
pitch over and, 251
powered descent initiative (PDI) and, 245–
247
Apollo 15, 250
pilots’ reasons for manual control and, 260
pitch over and, 251–255
Apollo 16, 250–251, 255, 260
Apollo 17, 251
pilots’ reasons for manual control and, 260
pitch over and, 258
scientist-astronauts and, 256–257
Apollo 18, 251
336 Index
Armstrong, Neil, 1–3, 213, 241–242, 259
airmen school and, 29, 31
Apollo 11 and, 217–232
confusion of, 226
digital computers and, 87
Eagle landing and, 217–232
Gemini and, 85
gimbal reliability and, 120
instrumentation and, 35, 181, 295n53
Johnsville tests and, 70–72
Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV) and,
214
Medal of Freedom and, 232
pilot role and, 80
Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP)
and, 224, 226
X-15 and, 49, 58–59, 61
Army Ballistic Missile Agency, 66
Artificial horizons, 24
AS-202, 172
AS-204, 171
AS-501, 174–175
ASPO, 134–135, 139
Astronautical Guidance (Battin), 100–101
Astronauts
active role of, 65
age of systems and, 38–41
automation and, 158–166
as calibrators, 105
computers and, 66, 160–166
constraints for, 159–160
control and, 65–66
dangerous actions and, 159–160
deaths of, 173
deployable optics and, 117
digital autopilot and, 139–142
displays for, 165–169
Eagle landing and, 1–4, 217–232
Explorers Club and, 271
future of, 263–271
Gemini and, 83–88
‘‘go to moon’’ interface and, 160–161
human interface and, 4–8, 160–166 (see also
Human factors)
information flows and, 162–163
Instrumentation Laboratory courses and,
158–159
landings and, 181–215 (see also Landings)
literature by, 9
lunar module (LM) design and, 184–186
manual reentry and, 160
masculinity and, 13–14
Mercury and, 73–83
moonwalks and, 83, 268–269
pilot transitions and, 161–166 (see also Pilots)
replacement of, 158
rockets and, 65–66
scientist-astronauts and, 256–257
user errors and, 160
women and, 13
Astronomical Guidance course, 101
AT&T, 37
Atlas rocket, 18, 72–77
Atomic frequency standards, 138
Attitude, 47–48, 77
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