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software for, 146
Communications, 2, 15, 77
Eagle and, 221–227
jamming and, 97, 104, 138
landings and, 190–191, 221–227
teleprinter and, 108–109
Compasses, 24
Computers, 15
AGC, 126–128, 133, 137, 143 (see also AGC
[Apollo guidance computer])
Alonso and, 100, 102
analog, 52–54, 57–58
Apollo 4 and, 174–175
Apollo 5 and, 175
Apollo 7 and, 177
Apollo 11 and, 221–227
Apollo 14 and, 243–249
astronaut’s view of, 66, 158–166
B-2 stealth bomber and, 266–267
Block I AGC, 123–136, 143, 172
Block II AGC, 136–143, 149, 154, 171, 175–
176
core logic and, 125–126
crashes and, 123–124
digital, 62, 87, 139–142
displays and, 152, 165–169
Eagle landing and, 1–4, 6, 221–232
electrical noise and, 2–3
embedded assumptions of, 13–14
ENIAC, 98
firmware and, 154–157
FORTRAN and, 99
future of, 263–271
G&N System Panel and, 148–149
Gemini and, 87–88
general-purpose, 123
‘‘go to moon’’ interface and, 160–161
guidance systems and, 104–106, 114, 123–
142
human-machine relationship and, 4–8 (see
also Human factors)
humidity effects and, 137–138
IBM 360, 148
in-flight repair and, 128–130, 137–138, 159
instrument flying and, 25
integrated circuits (ICs) and, 125–127
keyboards and, 152, 160–161, 165–169
landing integration and, 191
Laning and, 99–102
MAC project and, 148
mainframe, 148
Mars probe and, 99–101, 154
mean time between failure (MTBF) of, 130,
133
Index 339
Computers (cont.)
memory issues and, 152, 154, 171–172
MicroLogic-based, 125–126
mini, 123
Mod 3C, 124–126
mundane work and, 14
NASA choice of, 5–6
night-watchman circuit and, 124
onboard, 88
pilots and, 1–7, 19–21, 107, 161–166
Polaris and, 98–99, 125–127
programmable, 123
RAM and, 124–125
reliability of, 123–143
removable modules and, 129
ROM and, 124–125
simulation development and, 51–54
software and, 129–131 (see also Software)
Soviets and, 90
space sextant and, 114–115
stability and, 19–21
symbolism of, 12–13
systems engineering and, 36–41, 133–137
time allocation and, 149–150
transistors and, 125–130
user errors and, 160
vacuum tubes and, 130
variable processing speed and, 106
Whirlwind, 99, 124
workload and, 3
Configuration control boards, 152
Conquest of the Moon (von Braun), 67–69
Conrad, Pete, 259
computers and, 140, 158
landings and, 181, 214, 236–243
Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV) and,
214
velocity indicator and, 241–242
Control, 17–18
Adams’s death and, 59–61
adaptive, 57–61, 77
age of systems and, 36–41
airmen school and, 21–23
astronauts and, 65–66
backup systems and, 248–249
black boxes and, 54
blind flying and, 24
booster rockets and, 71–72
centrifuge tests and, 70–72
chauffeur school and, 21–23
cockpit design and, 24–29
damping and, 58–61
dangerous actions and, 159–160
digital autopilot and, 139–142
display and keyboard (DSKY) unit and, 165–
169
early Apollo missions and, 174–180
feedback systems and, 33
first rendezvous in space and, 84–85
fly-by-wire and, 79, 81, 140, 266
flying qualities and, 26–28
G&N System Panel and, 148–149, 160, 168–
169
gain and, 51
Gemini and, 83–88
Gilruth and, 27–28
‘‘go to moon’’ interface and, 160–161
ground, 62, 108–109, 138 (see also Ground
control)
instrument flying and, 24–25 (see also
Guidance systems)
Johnsville tests and, 70–73
landings and, 181–215, 182–186 (see also
Landings)
manual maneuvering and, 84–86
Mercury and, 74, 77–81
new technologies and, 267–268
pilot induced oscillation and, 50–51
primary navigation and guidance system
(PNGS) and, 191
reentry, 55–57
rudder pedals and, 79
simulation and, 2–3, 32, 51–54
software and, 147 (see also Software)
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