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school, Flight Training Devices (FTDs), and simulators, to
ensure that trainees learn to apply the information they are
expected to know.
However, scenario development requires creativity and highfidelity
attention to detail on the part of curriculum designers.
The Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database is a
repository of a wide variety of incident reports that can be used
as a basis for AQP training scenarios. ASRS incident reports
cover such areas as breakdown of CRM, maneuvers specific to a
particular aircraft, and crew response to deviations and
malfunctions. The ASRS database is now available on CD-ROM.
This paper suggests search strategies likely to produce reports
that can be used in LOFTs or other simulator situations.
❹ Measuring Safety with Flight Data
For more than two decades, airlines outside of the U.S. have
routinely measured safety by screening flight data for deviations
from prescribed procedures. In 1993, the FAA and NASA began
a joint five-year program, known as the Automated Performance
Measurement System (APMS), to develop a set of highly
automated tools that will enable the large-scale analysis of flight
data by U.S. airlines. The goal of the APMS program is to
develop a prototype system that uses powerful data retrieval,
analysis, and presentation tools to address industry’s and
government’s questions relating to operational performance and
safety. In addition to measuring specific safety parameters, the
APMS research program will develop techniques for determining
why an unsafe event occurs. APMS does not, however, involve
the actual implementation of a nationwide flight data collection
system.
This paper provides a brief overview of the APMS approach to
developing a prototype flight data analysis system. This
approach consists of a user-needs study, creation of a common
graphical user interface, development of powerful data
visualization features, and a library of statistical procedures that
support cluster analysis and pattern recognition.
Readers may obtain free copies of papers of interest by
requesting specific titles from the following address:
Aviation Safety Reporting System, c/o Administrative Staff,
P. O. Box 189, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field,
CA, 94035-0189.
Number 197 October 1995
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 From NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System�
Airport Ramp Safety will be one of the topics discussed at
the Flight Safety Foundation’s 48th International Air Safety
Seminar, in Seattle, Washington, in November.
is an important one.
during ramp operations has been estimated as the dollar
Improving Ramp Safety
fully depressed the toe brakes.
no hydraulic power
The subject
The annual cost of equipment damage
However, there is
equivalent of a fleet of widebody jets. The true cost of injury at low RPM settings. The aircraft
to personnel is incalculable.
Because of the hazard that jet blast poses to ramp ground
personnel and equipment, many air carriers prohibit or severely
restrict single-engine taxi, instead requiring use of a
tug to position the aircraft. An ASRS report provides
graphic illustration of the jet blast damage that can occur on
a tight ramp:
■ As I was approaching gate I shut down the #2 engine (per
our Ops Manual). I was momentarily distracted inside the
cockpit. There was enough room to make a turn...to gate. I
added power on the #1 engine. During the left turn, the jet
blast from the #1 engine blew a mechanic off a maintenance
stand. It also blew part of an engine cowling off the stand.
In future situations, I will...shut down and use a tug to reposition
if there is any doubt about jet blast.
Is This the Party
to Whom I Am Speaking?
Lack of adequate communication–verbal or visual–among
flight crew and ground crew, is at the heart of many ramp
incidents reported to ASRS. Good communication is especially
important during night ramp operations, as shown by
the following eye-opening (and costly) encounter:
■ I had just confirmed with the headset operator [the tug
driver] that all doors were closed and we were cleared to push
back. About twenty feet back, we encountered a firm object.
The lav truck driver [had returned] to the aircraft to empty
“the blue room,” and had ignored the beacon lights or not
realized that aircraft movement was imminent. Just prior to
impact, the driver bailed out of the truck. The wingwalkers
on both wings failed to notice this vehicle behind us.
The aircraft had to be jacked up to facilitate removal of the
　
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