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Incident 1__________________________________________________________________
Incident 2__________________________________________________________________
Top Leadership: ___________________________________________________________
Incident 1__________________________________________________________________
Incident 2__________________________________________________________________
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-28
1.2.6 THE INSPECTION TOOL
FORMAL NAME: The Inspection Tool
ALTERNATIVE NAMES: The survey tool
PURPOSE: Inspections have two primary purposes. (1) The detection of hazards. Inspections
accomplish this through the direct observation of operations. The process is aided by the existence of
detailed standards against which operations can be compared. The OSHA standards and various national
standards organizations provide good examples. (2) To evaluate the degree of compliance with
established risk controls. When inspections are targeted at management and safety management
processes, they are usually called surveys. These surveys assess the effectiveness of management
procedures by evaluating status against some survey criteria or standard. Inspections are also important
as accountability tools and can be turned into important training opportunities
APPLICATION: Inspections and surveys are used in the risk management process in much the same
manner as in traditional safety programs. Where the traditional approach may require that all facilities are
inspected on the same frequency schedule, the ORM concept might dictate that high-risk activities be
inspected ten times or more frequently than lower risk operations, and that some of the lowest risk
operations be inspected once every five years or so. The degree of risk drives the frequency and depth of
the inspections and surveys.
METHOD: There are many methods of conducting inspections. From a risk management point of view
the key is focusing upon what will be inspected. The first step in effective inspections is the selection of
inspection criteria and the development of a checklist or protocol. This must be risk-based. Commercial
protocols are available that contain criteria validated to be connected with safety excellence.
Alternatively, excellent criteria can be developed using incident databases and the results of other hazard
identification tools such as the Operations Analysis and Logic Diagrams, etc. Some these have been
computerized to facilitate entry and processing of data. Once criteria are developed, a schedule is created
and inspections are begun. The inspection itself must be as positive an experience as possible for the
people whose activity is being inspected. Personnel performing inspections should be carefully trained,
not only in the technical processes involved, but also in human relations. During inspections, the ORM
concept encourages another departure from traditional inspection practices. This makes it possible to
evaluate the trend in organization performance by calculating the percentage of unsafe (non-standard)
versus safe (meet or exceed standard) observations. Once the observations are made the data must be
carefully entered in the overall hazard inventory database. Once in the database the data can be analyzed
as part of the overall body of data or as a mini-database composed of inspection findings only.
RESOURCES: There are many inspection criteria, checklists and related job aids available
commercially. Many have been tailored for specific types of organizations and activities. The System
Safety Office can be a valuable resource in the development of criteria and can provide technical support
in the form of interpretations, procedural guidance, and correlation of data.
COMMENTS: Inspections and surveys have long track records of success in detecting hazards and
reducing risk. However, they have been criticized as being inconsistent with modern management practice
because they are a form of “downstream” quality control. By the time a hazard is detected by an
inspection, it may already have caused loss. The ORM approach to inspections emphasizes focus on the
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-29
higher risks within the organization and emphasizes the use of management and safety program surveys
that detect the underlying causes of hazards, rather than the hazards themselves.
EXAMPLES: Conventional inspections normally involve seeking and recording unsafe acts or
conditions. The number of these may reflect either the number of unsafe acts or conditions occurring in
the organization or the extent of the effort extended to find hazards. Thus, conventional inspections are
not a reliable indicator of the extent of risk. To change the nature of the process, it is often only necessary
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