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operating instructions, or in the task procedures contained in manuals. It can be very effectively be
embedded in training. In less structured situations, it can be a clear verbal order or directive. It is
important that the assignment of the task include the specifics of what is expected.
5.2.3 Measure performance
The task needs to include at least a basic level of measurement. It is important to note that measurement
does not need to include every time the behavior is displayed. It is often perfectly practical to sample
performance only once in large number of actions, perhaps as few as one in several hundred actions as
long as the sample is a random example of routine behavior. Often the only one who needs to do the
measuring is the individual responsible for the behavior. In other situations, the supervisor or an outside
auditor may need to do the observing. Performance is compared to the standard, which should have been
ID Key
Tasks
Assign
Key Tasks
Measure
Performan
ce
Reward
Correct
Safe
Behavior
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-54
communicated to the responsible individual. This step of the process is the rigorous application of the old
adage that “What is monitored (or measured) and checked gets done.”
5.2.4 Reward correct behavior and correct inadequate behavior
The emphasis should clearly be on reinforcing correct behavior. Reinforcement means any action that
increases the likelihood that the person will display the desired behavior again. It can be as informal as a
pat on the back or as formal as a major award or cash incentive. Correcting inadequate behavior should
be done whenever inadequate behavior is observed. The special case of punishment should only be used
when all other means of producing the desired behavior have failed.
5.2.5 Risk control performance
If the steps outlined above have been accomplished correctly, the result will be consistent success in
controlling risk. Note that and unpleasantness of the task will dictate the extent of the rewards and
corrective actions required. The harder the task for whatever reason, the more powerful the rewards and
corrective actions needed will be. It is important to make risk control tasks as uncomplicated, and
pleasant as possible.
6.0 SUPERVISE AND REVIEW DETAILS AND EXAMPLES
Management involves moving a task or an organization toward a goal. To move toward a goal you must
have three things. You must have a goal, you must know where you are in relation to that goal, and you
must have a plan to reach it. An effective set of risk matrices provides two of the elements.
In regard to ORM, indicators should provide information concerning the success or lack of success of
controls intended to mitigate a risk. These indicators could focus on those key areas identified during the
assessment as being critical to minimizing a serious risk area. Additionally, matrices may be developed to
generically identify operations/areas where ORM efforts are needed.
A representative set of risk measures that a maintenance shop leader could use to assess the progress of
his shop toward the goal of improving safety performance. Similar indicators could be developed in the
areas of environment, fire prevention, security, and other loss control areas.
The tool control effectiveness index. Establish key indicators of tool control program effectiveness
(percentage of tool checks completed, items found by QA, score on knowledge quiz regarding control
procedures, etc.). All that is needed is a sampling of data in one or more of these areas. If more than one
area is sampled, the scores can be weighted if desired and rolled up into a single tool control index by
averaging them. See Figure 6.1A for the example.
Figure 6.1A Example Tool Control Effectiveness Measurement
The percent of tool checks completed is 94%.
Items found by QA. Items were found in 2% of QA inspections (98% were to standard).
Tool control quiz score is 88%.
If all items are weighted equally (94+98+88 divided by 3 = 93.3) then 93.3 is this quarter’s
tool control safety index. Of course, in this index, high scores are desirable.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-55
The protective clothing and equipment risk index. Shop personnel are using this index measures the
effectiveness with which required protective clothing and equipment. Making spot observations
periodically during the workday collects data. Data are recorded on a check sheet and are rolled-up
monthly. The index is the percent safe observations of the total number of observations made as
illustrated at Figure 6.1B.
Figure 6.1B Example Safety Observation Measurement
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