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indicated. If so, the hazard is entered in the hazard inventory for further evaluation. Because of its rigid
process, the HAZOP is especially suitable for one-person hazard identification efforts.
Figure 1.2.1A Standard HAZOP Guidewords
NO
MORE
LESS
REVERSE
LATE
EARLY
Note: This basic set of guidewords should be
all that are needed for all applications.
Nevertheless, when useful, specialized terms
can be added to the list. In less complex
applications only some of the terms may be
needed.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-21
RESOURCES: There are few resources available to assist with HAZOP; none are really needed.
COMMENTS: The HAZOP is highly structured, and often time-consuming. Nevertheless, in its special
role, this tool works very effectively. OSHA selected it for inclusion in the set of six mandated procedures
of the OSHA process safety standard.
1.2.2 THE MAPPING TOOL
FORMAL NAME: The Mapping Tool
ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Map analysis
PURPOSE: The map analysis is designed to use terrain maps and other system models and schematics to
identify both things at risk and the sources of hazards. Properly applied the tool will reveal the following:
Task elements at risk
The sources of risk
The extent of the risk (proximity)
Potential barriers between hazard sources and operational assets
APPLICATION: The Mapping Tool can be used in a variety of situations. The explosive quantitydistance
criteria are a classic example of map analysis. The location of the flammable storage is plotted
and then the distance to various vulnerable locations (inhabited buildings, highways, etc.) is determined.
The same principles can be extended to any facility. We can use a diagram of a maintenance shop to note
the location of hazards such as gases, pressure vessels, flammables, etc. Key assets can also be plotted.
Then hazardous interactions are noted and the layout of the facility can be optimized in terms of risk
reduction.
METHOD: The Mapping Tool requires some creativity to realize its full potential. The starting point is
a map, facility layout, or equipment schematic. The locations of hazard sources are noted. The easiest
way to detect these sources is to locate energy sources, since all hazards involve the unwanted release of
energy. Figure 1.2.2A lists the kinds of energy to look for. Mark the locations of these sources on the map
or diagram. Then, keeping the operation in mind, locate the personnel, equipment, and facilities that the
various potentially hazardous energy sources could impact. Note these potentially hazardous links and
enter them in the hazard inventory for risk management.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-22
Figure 1.2.2A Major Types of Energy
Electrical
Kinetic (moving mass e.g. a vehicle, a machine part, a bullet)
Potential (not moving mass e.g. a heavy object suspended overhead)
Chemical (e.g. explosives, corrosive materials)
Noise and Vibration
Thermal (heat)
Radiation (Non-ionizing e.g. microwave, and ionizing e.g. nuclear radiation, x-rays)
Pressure (air, hydraulic, water)
RESOURCES: Maps can convey a great deal of information, but cannot replace the value of an on-site
assessment. Similarly, when working with an equipment schematic or a facility layout, there is no
substitute for an on-site inspection of the equipment or survey of the facility.
COMMENTS: The map analysis is valuable in itself, but it is also excellent input for many other tools
such as the Interface Analysis, Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis, and Change Analysis.
EXAMPLE: The following example (Figure 1.2.2B) illustrates the use of a facility schematic that
focuses on the energy sources there as might be accomplished in support of an Energy Trace and Barrier
Analysis.
SITUATION: A team has been assigned the task of renovating an older facility
for use as a museum for historical aviation memorabilia. They evaluate the facility layout
(schematic below). By evaluating the potential energy sources presented in this
schematic, it is possible to identify hazards that may be created by the operations to be conducted.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-23
Figure 1.2.2B Example Map Analysis
FACILITY ENERGY SOURCES
Electrical throughout
Simplified Facility Diagram
Main electrical
distribution
Area beneath suspended item
Area of paints & flammables storage
Pneumatic lines for old mail distribution
1.2.3 THE INTERFACE ANALYSIS
FORMAL NAME: The Interface Analysis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Interface Hazard Analysis
PURPOSE: The Interface Analysis is intended to uncover the hazardous linkages or interfaces between
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