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Figure 9-5: Sample Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis
Item/
Function
Function Failure
Modes
Failure
Local
Next
Higher
Primary
End
Effects
Failure
Detection
Method
Compensation
Provisions
Severity
Class
Fail
Rate
Pump
bearing
Facilitate
shaft
rotation
Frozen Shaft
won’t
rotate
Pump
failure
Engine
failure
Engine
Temp
Air cooling I
High
Friction
Shaft
turns
slowly
Loss of
cooling
capacity
Engine
runs hot
“ “ “ “ II
Loose
(Wear)
Shaft
slips
“ “ Low
Horse
Power
“ “ “ “ III
Severity Class: I-Catastrophic to IV-Incidental
Not shown are columns that may be added including frequency class, interfaces, and comments.
The FMECA and the hazard analyses provided some redundant information but more importantly some
complementary information. The HA considers human factors and systems interface problems, the
FMECA does not. The FMECA, however, is not more likely to identify hazards caused by component or
software module failure than the HA, which considers compensating and fault detection features. These are
all important safety data.
9.8 Other Methodologies
The System Safety Society has developed a System Safety Analysis Handbook.1 The handbook describes in
summary manner 106 safety methodologies and techniques that are employed by modern system safety
practitioners. The following table presents the applicable methods and techniques that are appropriate for
use within the FAA. The method or technique is listed, along with a brief summary, applicability and use.
Further research and reference may be needed to apply a new method or technique. A reference is provided
1 Stephens, Richard, A. and Talso, Warner, System safety Analysis Handbook: A Source Book for Safety Practitioners, System
Safety Society, 2nd Edition, August 1999.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 9: Analysis Techniques
December 30, 2000
9 - 15
for additional readings in Appendix C. The FAA’s Office of System Safety can provide instruction and
assistance in the applications of the listed methods and techniques.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 9: Analysis Techniques
December 30, 2000
9 - 16
Table 9-1: Analysis Methods and Techniques
No. Methods and/or
Techniques
Summary Applicability and Use
1
Accident Analysis
The purpose of the Accident Analysis
is to evaluate the effect of scenarios
that develop into credible and
incredible accidents.
Any accident or incident should be
formally investigated to determine
the contributors of the unplanned
event.
Many methods and techniques are
applied.
2 Action Error
Analysis
Action Error Analysis analyzes
interactions between machine and
humans. It is used to study the
consequences of potential human
errors in task execution related to
directing automated functions.
Any automated interface between a
human and automated process can
be evaluated, such as pilot / cockpit
controls, or controller / display,
maintainer / equipment interactions.
3 Barrier Analysis Barrier Analysis method is
implemented by identifying energy
flow (s) that may be hazardous and
then identifying or developing the
barriers that must be in place to
prevent the unwanted energy flow
form damaging equipment, and/or
causing system damage, and/or
injury.
Any system is comprised of energy,
should this energy become
uncontrolled accidents can result.
Barrier Analysis is an appropriate
qualitative tool for systems analysis,
safety reviews, and accident
analysis.
4 Bent Pin Analysis Bent Pin Analysis evaluates the
effects should connectors short as a
result of bent pins and mating or demating
of connectors.
Any connector has the potential for
bent pins to occur. Connector shorts
can cause system malfunctions,
anomalous operations, and other
risks.
5 Cable Failure
Matrix Analysis
Cable Failure Matrix Analysis
identifies the risks associated with
any failure condition related to cable
design, routing, protection, and
securing.
Should cables become damaged
system malfunctions can occur.
Less then adequate design of cables
can result in faults, failures, and
anomalies, which can result in
contributory hazards and accidents.
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