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directly involved with the accident. Contributory errors result from actions on the part of
personnel whose duties preceded and affected the situation during which the results of the error
became apparent. The difference between a computed, observed, or measured value or
condition and true, specified, or theoretically correct value or condition. A mistake in
engineering, requirement specification, or design, implementation, or operation which could
result in a failure, and /or contributory hazard. There are four types of Human Errors: 1)
Omission 2) Commission 3) Sequence 4) Timing
Explosion Proof The item is designed to withstand an internal explosion; designed to vent explosive bases below
ignition temperature.
Fail-
Operational
A characteristic design which permit continued operation in spite of the occurrence of a discrete
malfunction.
Fail-safe A characteristic of a system whereby any malfunction affecting the system safety will cause the
system to revert to a state that is known to be within acceptable risk parameters.
Fail-Soft Pertaining to a system that continues to provide partial operational capability in the event of a
certain malfunction.
Failure Reliability term. The inability of a system, subsystem, component, or part to perform its
required function within specified limits, under specified conditions for a specified duration. A
failure may result in an unsafe condition and / or act, i.e. a hazard; the termination of the ability
of a system element to perform a required function; the lack of correct performance. Failures
and hazards are not interchangeable.
Firmware The combination of a hardware device and computer instructions and data that reside as readonly
software on that device.
Formal
Verification
The process of evaluating the products of a given phase using formal mathematical proofs to
ensure correctness and consistency with respect to the products and standards provided as input
to that phase.
Formal
Qualification
Review
Formal evaluation by top management of the status and adequacy of the quality system in
relation to quality policy and objectives.
Formal
Qualification
The process that allows the determination of whether a configuration item complies with the
requirements allocated to it.
Hazard The potential for harm; also see Contributory Hazard, Primary Hazard. A hazard is not an
accident. Per FAA Order 8040.4 a " Condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to or
contribute to an unplanned or undesired event."
Hazard or hazardous condition. Anything, real or potential, that could make possible, or
contribute to making possible, an accident.
Hazard. A condition that is prerequisite to an accident.
Hazardous An accident; also see Accident. It should be noted that a Hazardous Event is not being defined
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix A: Glossary
December 30, 2000
A -5
CONCEPT or
TERM
DESCRIPTION
Event an occurrence that creates a hazard. This logic indicates that a Hazardous Event is an
occurrence that creates the potential for harm; Initiating Event, or Root Cause, are more
appropriate terms.
The Hazardous Event (now) defines the total sequence of events from the Initiating Event to the
final outcome, the harm, the Initiating Event, Contributory Hazards, Primary Hazard, and Risk
Severity.
The Hazardous Event under study is considered open or closed depending Report Status on the
status of Hazard Control.
The Hazardous Event under study is considered open; the corrective action Report Status
evaluation and verification is in process. The status will remain open until (Open) management
has reviewed the actions taken and accepted the associated risk. All related Contributory
Hazards are to be evaluated.
The hazardous Event under study is considered closed; the corrective Report Status action
evaluation and verification is completed, and management has (Closed) reviewed the actions
taken and has accepted the associated risk.
Hazard
Probability
Hazard Probability defines in quantitative or qualitative terms, the estimated probability of the
specific Contributory Hazards which are defined within the Hazardous Event under study;
possible elements within a fault tree.
Note that hazard probability is not defined as the aggregate probability of occurrence of the
individual hazardous events that create a specific hazard; see Hazardous Event and Accident.
Also note that Hazard Probability is not the same as likelihood; see likelihood.
Hazard Probability. The aggregate probability of occurrence of the individual events
(conditions).
Hazard Severity. An assessment of the consequences of the worst credible accident that could
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System Safety Handbook系统安全手册下(62)
