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the highest terrain and obstacles in the operating area.
Know your position in relation to the surrounding high
terrain.
The following are excerpts from CFIT accidents related
to descending on arrival: “…delayed the initiation of the
descent…”; “Aircraft prematurely descended too
early…”; “…late getting down…”; “During a
descent…incorrectly cleared down…”; “…aircraft prematurely let down…”; “…lost situational awareness…”;
“Premature descent clearance…”; “Prematurely
descended…”; “Premature descent clearance while on
vector…”; “During initial descent…” [Figure 4-12]
Practicing good communication skills is not limited to
just pilots and controllers. In its findings from a 1974 air
carrier accident, the National Transportation Safety
Board (NTSB) wrote, “…the extraneous conversation
conducted by the flight crew during the descent was
symptomatic of a lax atmosphere in the cockpit that continued throughout the approach.” The NTSB listed the
probable cause as “…the flight crew’s lack of altitude
awareness at critical points during the approach due to
poor cockpit discipline in that the crew did not follow
prescribed procedures.” In 1981, the FAA issued Parts
121.542 and 135.100, Flight Crewmember Duties,
commonly referred to as “sterile cockpit rules.” The
provisions in this rule can help pilots, operating under
any regulations, to avoid altitude and course deviations
during arrival. In part, it states: (a) No certificate holder
shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform,
any duties during a critical phase of flight except those
duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Duties such as company required calls made for such
purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming
passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights
of interest, and filling out company payroll and related
records are not required for the safe operation of the
aircraft. (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor
may any pilot in command permit, any activity during
a critical phase of flight that could distract any flight
crewmember from the performance of his or her duties
or which could interfere in any way with the proper
conduct of those duties. Activities such as eating
meals, engaging in nonessential conversations within
the cockpit and nonessential communications between
the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications
not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not
required for the safe operation of the aircraft. (c) For
the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight
include all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff
and landing, and all other flight operations conducted
below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight.
ARRIVAL NAVIGATION CONCEPTS
Today, the most significant and demanding navigational
requirement is the need to safely separate aircraft. In a
nonradar environment, ATC does not have an independent means to separate air traffic and must depend
entirely on information relayed from flight crews to
determine the actual geographic position and altitude. In
this situation, precise navigation is critical to ATC’s ability to provide separation.
Even in a radar environment, precise navigation and position reports, when required, are still the primary means
of providing separation. In most situations, ATC does not
have the capability or the responsibility for navigating an
aircraft. Because they rely on precise navigation by the
flight crew, flight safety in all IFR operations depends
directly on your ability to achieve and maintain certain
levels of navigational performance. ATC uses radar to
monitor navigational performance, detect possible navigational errors, and expedite traffic flow. In a nonradar
environment, ATC has no independent knowledge of the
actual position of your aircraft or its relationship to other
aircraft in adjacent airspace. Therefore, ATC’s ability to
detect a navigational error and resolve collision hazards
is seriously degraded when a deviation from a clearance
occurs.
Figure 4-12. Altitude Management When Cleared Direct.
"....cleared present
position direct....."
"I need to check my
altitude requirement."
4-13
The concept of navigation performance, previously discussed in this book, involves the precision that must be
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册上(96)
